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Substrates of Human CYP2D6
Published in Shufeng Zhou, Cytochrome P450 2D6, 2018
Veratramine, a steroidal alkaloid originating from Veratrum nigrum, has shown distinct antitumor and antihypertension effects. Unlike most alkaloids, the major reactive sites of veratramine are on rings A and B instead of on the amine moiety. CYP2D6 is the major enzyme mediating hydroxylation of veratramine (Lyu et al. 2015). SULT2A1 conjugates veratramine.
Veratramine ameliorates pain symptoms in rats with diabetic peripheral neuropathy by inhibiting activation of the SIGMAR1-NMDAR pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yu Zhang, Guangyao Ye, Yuebo Chen, Chaoxu Sheng, Jianlin Wang, Lingsi Kong, Liyong Yuan, Chunyan Lin
Veratrum nigrum Linn. (Melanthiaceae), a perennial herb, has a rich clinical history in Europe, Asia, and North America (Chandler and McDougal 2014). Dadix Veratri, mainly derived from Veratrum nigrum, is one of the primary components of the formulation of the traditional Chinese medicine of ‘Yunnan Baiyao’ and the main drug of the protected traditional Chinese medicine ‘Yizhi Zhitong Pill’. Veratramine is one of the main extracts of Dadix Veratri (Lyu et al. 2016). Veratramine is a known natural steroid alkaloid found in various Liliaceae plants (Li et al. 2019). Due to the vital role of Dadix Veratri in analgesia, we hypothesised that veratramine might also play an essential role in analgesia. Previous studies by Li et al. (2016, 2019) showed that veratramine has strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Although the authors demonstrated that the main analgesic ingredient of veratrum was veratramine (Li et al. 2016, 2019), they did not provide an in-depth discussion on the specific analgesic mechanism of veratramine.
Veratrum parviflorum poisoning: identification of steroidal alkaloids in patient blood and breast milk
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Jared T. Seale, Joseph E. Carpenter, Matthew D. Eisenstat, Emily A. Kiernan, Brent W. Morgan, Daniel P. Nogee, Xinzhu Pu, Colin A. Therriault, Michael Yeh, Owen M. McDougal
Veratrum steroidal alkaloids are recognized for their toxicity and have been implicated in multiple cases of inadvertent poisoning [11–19]. An ethanolic extract of the roots and rhizomes of V. parviflorum resulted in the identification of four common Veratrum steroidal alkaloids: cyclopamine, veratramine, jervine, and muldamine. Contrary to the results presented by Anwar et al., where cyclopamine, veratramine, verazine, and veratridine were identified, veratridine was not identified in the present extract of V. parviflorum [11]. A standard of verazine could not be obtained, however, an EIC for 398.3553 m/z presented several peaks suggesting that the previously identified alkaloid may still be observed given the appropriate reference material. Variation in the presence of veratridine in V. parviflorum may be due to differences in growth stage, harvest time, or harvest location [23]. The growth stage, time of harvest, harvest location, and part of the plant for V. californicum has shown to influence the alkaloid composition in plant material [23]. Although the poisoning described by Anwar et al. also occurred in April, it is possible that the V. parviflorum used in that study was harvested at an earlier date, in a different location, or at a different stage of growth.
Hikers poisoned: Veratrum steroidal alkaloid toxicity following ingestion of foraged Veratrum parviflorum
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Mehruba Anwar, Matthew Turner, Natalija Farrell, Wendy B. Zomlefer, Owen M. McDougal, Brent W. Morgan
Four alkaloids previously isolated from Veratrum species were identified from the extracted biomass of V. parviflorum: verazine (m/z 398.3125), veratramine (m/z 410.3141), cyclopamine (m/z 412.3285), and veratridine (m/z 674.4174). The analyzed biomass had been cooked in water: the heating process did not destroy the isolated alkaloids and the alkaloids were still present in the plant material. In summary, the ions with identical m/z and retention times observed in the extracted biomass and patient samples constituted 23.64% (13 of 55), 14.55% (8 of 55), and 25.45% (14 of 55) for Patient 1 plasma, Patient 1 serum, and Patient 2 plasma, respectively (see online supplemental file for detailed results and figures on mass spectrometry data).