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The patient with acute renal problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
In good health, urine is composed of water (approximately 95%) and various solutes, with a normal pH of 5.0–6.5 (although this may vary, and become more alkaline after eating). It has a distinctive odour (which should not be offensive) and a characteristic yellow colour, the latter being due to the presence of yellow pigments called urochromes, which are produced by the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver. Bilirubin and its by-product, urobilinogen, also found in urine, are generated by the breakdown of old red blood cells.
Abdominal emergencies
Published in Sam Mehta, Andrew Hindmarsh, Leila Rees, Handbook of General Surgical Emergencies, 2018
Sam Mehta, Andrew Hindmarsh, Leila Rees
Bilirubin is produced by the breakdown of haem in the lymphoreticular system. Insoluble unconjugated bilirubin is transported to the liver bound to albumin, where it is taken up by hepatocytes and conjugated with glucuronic acid to form soluble conjugated bilirubin. It is then excreted into the gut as a constituent of bile. Bilirubin is reduced to urobilinogen in the small bowel, and 20% is reabsorbed in the terminal ileum. Urobilinogen is excreted by the liver and kidneys.
Principles of Clinical Pathology
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Niraj K. Tripathi, Jacqueline M. Tarrant
A small amount of urobilinogen is normally present in urine. The test for urobilinogen has virtually no value in nonclinical studies because its theoretical purpose is to test for bile duct patency (indicated by the absence of urobilinogen). Although not necessary, urobilinogen is reported by many companies simply because it exists on standard reagent strips.
Evaluation of possible protective role of Chrysin against arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Muhammad Umar Ijaz, Faryal Jabeen, Asma Ashraf, Muhammad Imran, Nazia Ehsan, Abdul Samad, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Javed Iqbal
Our study displayed that arsenic exposure increased the urea, creatinine, urobilinogen levels while creatinine clearance were considerably decreased. Similar results were reported by Das et al. 2010, who revealed a linear increase in the creatinine level due to arsenic treatment. Urine does not contain urobilinogen as a component in normal conditions (Sahreen et al. 2015); therefore, its higher level in urine indicates the abnormality of the kidney. The increased urinary creatinine, urinary proteins and decreased creatinine clearance are the markers for severe oxidative damage in the kidneys (Khan et al. 2010). Rats treated with chrysin displayed that the urea, creatinine and urobilinogen were decreased considerably while the creatinine clearance was increased.
Current and emerging trends in point-of-care urinalysis tests
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Rongwei Lei, Rannon Huo, Chandra Mohan
Other dipstick-based urinalysis tests are widely used as well. Reaction between sodium nitroprusside, acetoacetic acid, and acetone can yield a violet color, which can be used to detect ketones. To detect nitrite, the reaction between it and p-Arsanilic acid is used to form a diazonium compound, which couples with a quinolone compound to produce a pink color. Color change from orange to turquoise is indicative of a pH shift. Lastly, the Ehrlich Aldehyde reaction and a bilirubin and diazonium salt reaction are used to yield an azo red compound, which can be used to detect urobilinogen and bilirubin in the urine [40].
Haemolytic anaemia and hepatocitolysis associated with hypermagnesaemia by repeated exposures to copper–calcium fungicides
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Constantin Bălăeţ, Bogdan Ioan Coculescu, Maria Bălăeţ, Gheorghe Manole, Gabi Valeriu Dincă
Based on the anamnesis, the clinical examination and the results of the main parameters determined, the diagnosis of chronic copper intoxication was made. The accumulation of copper in the tissues is the result of repeated exposure for a few days every two or three months to copper–calcium fungicides, which were used at work, fungicides being used four times per year. In all three cases, although there was no anaemia, only subnormal circulating haemoglobin values, there was constant haemolysis. The absence of anaemia is interpreted as the ability of the haematopoietic red marrow to compensate for haemolysis, as demonstrated by the fact that in the case of reducing the life of erythrocytes, erythropoietal activity may increase 6–8 times2. However, this does not exclude the possibility that the haemolytic toxic action of Cu2+ has been induced through the ineffective erythropoiesis. In all three cases, the existence of haemolysis is supported by the presence of:high level of total bilirubin, as a result of high levels of unconjugated bilirubin. Although not very high, the indirect bilirubin level was in all cases above three-fourth of the total bilirubin value (Table 2). The “share” of hepatopathy induced by excess copper ion, which most likely also contributes to the high level of indirect bilirubinaemia identified, is the theme of a future work that we will publish. We mention that hypothetically the action mechanism we support is very likely a Cu2+ interference with uridine-diphospho-glucuronide-transferase enzyme activity.the positive photometric test, which indirectly indicates the existence of higher values of urobilinogen in the urine, even if macroscopically urine was normocrome.