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Endangered Medicinal Plants of Temperate Regions: Conservation and Maintenance
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Periodical weeding and hoeing are required both in the nursery and main field. Since the crop is grown around the rainy season and since it remains in the field for a longer duration, it gets invaded by different types of weeds, viz. Oxalis corniculata, Echinochloa colon, Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cynodon dactylon, Panicum repens, sedges viz., Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea and broad-leaved weeds viz., Chenopodium album, Caesulia axillaris, Phyllanthus sp., Ammania baccifera, Commelina benghalensis, Fragaris indica, Artemesia vulgaris, Desmodium oxyphyllum, etc. This plant is mostly associated with few valuable medicinal herbs, Heracleum candicans, Bidens bipinnata, Taraxacum officinale, Cuscuta reflexa, Trifolium repens, Fumaria parviflora, Loranthus longiflorus, Plantago major, Rumex nepalensis, and Urtica dioica (Mukherjee, 2013).
Effect of Elevated CO2 Conditions on Medicinal Plants
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Anuj Choudhary, Antul Kumar, Harmanjot Kaur, Mandeep Singh, Gurparsad Singh Suri, Gurleen Kaur, Sahil Mehta
Highly extensive robust root systems lead to increased carbohydrate storage, thereby enhancing a wider evaluation of the soil for absorption of water and nutrients to fulfil the needs of plant growth during periods of peak requirement – namely, boll development and filling. Not only an enhancement in rooting, but also roots colonization with mycorrhizae (a symbiotic relationship of fungi and roots of higher plants) and rhizobia is observed under elevated carbon dioxide which leads to nitrogen fixation and reduced dependency on organic fertilizers (Tiwari and Bhatia 2019; Tiwari et al. 2019; Tiwari et al. 2021a; Tiwari et al. 2021b). Similar results have been reported in Trifolium repens (an antirheumatic and antiscrophulatic plant) where enhanced mycorrhizal association and colonization with fungus, Glomus mosseae, was observed during higher carbon dioxide levels (Staddon et al. 2001). For plants to utilize a higher level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, they must have a means of harbouring the additional carbohydrates accumulated. It has been reported that plants with a tuberous rooting system tend to respond to carbon dioxide enrichment to a greater extent than plants with smaller and fibrous rooting systems (Prior et al. 2011).
Nodulin Function and Nodulin Gene Regulation in Root Nodule Development
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
Numerous variations on nodule development have been described.2 For example, not all leguminous plants show infection threads. In peanut (Arachis hypogea), infection by rhizobia is not via root hairs but by inter- and intracellular invasion.19 Differences also exist in the susceptibility of root hairs to become infected. In alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the epidermal cells in the region of rapid root elongation are susceptible to infection, whereas in white clover (Trifolium repens) some of the mature root hairs are also susceptible to infection.20 The way Rhizobium invades its nonlegume host Parasponia differs substantially from the infection pathways of most legume hosts21,22 (see Chapter 9). The initial infection involves intercellular penetration of the epidermis, frequently accompanied by degradation of cortical cells. Eventually infection threads develop. Rhizobia are not released from this infection thread, do not differentiate into bacteroids, and fix nitrogen while retained within the infection threads. Persistent infection threads without bacterial release are also observed in certain tree legume nodules (Andira species). These nodules may represent a primitive stage in the evolution of root nodules.23
Mechanochemical prepared ibuprofen-Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide drug delivery system for enhanced bioactivity with reduced renal injury induced by NSAIDs
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Wenhao Xu, Jinli Yang, Xiangyang Gu, Wenjing Su, Faxiang Pu, Zhangfu Xie, Kongliang Jin, Weike Su, Lichan Mao
Given the problems mentioned above, many researchers have tried solving the problems in nephrotoxicity caused by NSAIDs by using compound preparations (İlbey et al., 2009; Ortiz et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2019; Motaharinia et al., 2019); it was demonstrated that the extracts of Phyllanthus amarus Sch, umach. & Thonn (Adeneye & Benebo, 2008), Trifolium repens leaf extract (Ahmad & Zeb, 2020), and Salacia oblonga (Palani et al., 2011), when combined with NSAIDs, can exert their unique pharmacological effects as well as protect the kidney. The examples mentioned above indicate that the adoption of compound pharmaceutical preparations and non-effective components with a kidney protective function will be a breakthrough in the research on IBU preparations with high efficiency and low nephrotoxicity.
Health effects, sources, utilization and safety of tannins: a critical review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kartik Sharma, Vikas Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Ankit Goyal, Rakesh Sharma, Yogesh Gat, Ashwani Kumar
The chief sources of tannins are kola nuts (Cola vera), guarana (Paulliniacupana), tea (Camellia sinensis), coffee (Coffea spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao). Various fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, herbs, forages, condiments and spices are also known to be good sources of tannins (Hassanpour et al.2011). It is widely distributed all over the kingdom Plantae, majorly among trees (higher plants), herbs, shrubs, legumes, etc. whereas, lower plants such as mosses, fungi and algae do possess tannin but in trace amounts (Ashok and Upadhyaya 2012). Tannins are reported to be present in plants adapted to warm climates and possess broader leaves, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), etc. Few parts of some plants are also reported to have a significant amount of the tannins such as leaves (White clover i.e. Trifolium repens) and seed coat (Alfalfa i.e. Medicago sativa) (MacAdam et al.2013). The location of tannin varies from crop to crop, and can be found in leaves or roots or stem or fruits or peel or seeds or shell or bark, etc. (Table 1).
Differential gene expression in chronically irradiated herbaceous species from the Chernobyl exclusion zone
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Ekaterina M. Shesterikova, Vladimir S. Bondarenko, Polina Yu. Volkova
In this work, we studied plant species with different sensitivity to acute irradiation belonging to three different genera: white clover (Trifolium repens L.), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Wigg.), and cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata L.). The differential expression of several candidate genes, presumably involved in plant response to chronic radiation exposure, was studied in the leaves of these species, collected in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. The suggested approach allows carrying out large-scale screening studies of candidate genes in various plant species abundant in radioactively contaminated areas.