China
Africa
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Chemical Weapons Holdings and Their Internationally Verified Destruction
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
The destruction operations of the material from Libya at GEKA comprise the following chemicals: 2-chloroethanol (18 metric tons), tributylamine (238 metric tons), phosphorus trichloride (138 metric tons), and thionyl chloride (100 metric tons) (Libya, June 15, 2017. Libya reported to the Executive Council at its 85th session on the progress achieved toward the complete destruction of the remaining chemical weapons stockpile (May 31, 2017). See as well “Report by the Director-General: status of the implementation of the plan for the destruction of Libya’s remaining Category 2 chemical weapons outside the territory of Libya” (see also Section 5.6.5).
Compound glycyrrhiza oral solution alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating SRC/MAPK pathway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Xiaolin Xu, Mulan Huang, Xiaofeng Duan, Hongyu Liu, Wei Zhang, Dan Li
Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were detected as per the protocols of an MDA detection kit. Pulmonary tissues were homogenized in Radio-Immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) cell lysis buffer (ab156034, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) containing protease inhibitor. Tissue homogenates (100 µL) and 0.2 M Tris-maleate buffer (pH 5.9, 1.4 mL) were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. Subsequent to the supplementation of 0.8% tributylamine (1.5 mL) reagents (in 7% perchloric acid), the mixture was heated for 10 min in a boiling water bath. After cooling, 3 mL Pyridine/n-butanol and 1 mL sodium hydroxide were added and the optical density (OD) value was measured at 548 nm. MDA levels in the homogenates were calculated using the MDA standard curve acquired from a similarly treated MDA reference substance.
Decontamination efficacy of soapy water and water washing following exposure of toxic chemicals on human skin
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Emma Forsberg, Linda Öberg, Elisabet Artursson, Elisabeth Wigenstam, Anders Bucht, Lina Thors
To examine the generalisability of decontamination procedures, five chemicals with skin absorption properties were included in the present study of which three have been assessed as risk chemicals for harmful skin penetration. The choice of toxic industrial chemicals was based on risk assessment for percutaneous toxicity in occupational settings16–18. Acrylonitrile is used as an intermediate in the production of acrylic fibres, styrene plastics and adhesives. The chemical is rapidly absorbed via all routes of exposure and its toxic effects are ranging from headache and nausea to cardiovascular collapse19. Several chemical accidents with acrylonitrile have been reported, e.g. Belgium in 2013 and Germany in 200820,21. 2-Butoxyethanol is a high-production-volume glycol ether widely used within the industry, commonly included as a solvent in surface coatings in addition to metal and household cleaners and paints. The chemical is readily absorbed following inhalation, oral and dermal exposure and causes headache, vomiting, breathing difficulties and effects on the blood circulation22. Human exposure has mainly been accidental in occupational settings or through contact with household products23. Tributylamine is utilized as an intermediate in a variety of chemical processes24. The chemical has also been used a stabilizer for the nerve agent sarin25. The main exposure routes are via the respiratory tract and through skin and following exposure both local effects, such as membrane irritation and breathing difficulties, in addition to systemic effects, e.g. convulsions, are observed24. Two simulants for highly toxic chemical warfare agents were also included in the study; ethyl lactate and methyl salicylate which previously been used as simulants for chemical warfare agents in in vivo decontamination studies on human volunteers18. Ethyl lactate is a simulant for the nerve agent sarin which is highly toxic whether inhaled or via skin uptake26. Sarin was used in two terrorist attacks in Matsumoto and Tokyo, Japan, in 1994 and 1995, which led to the death of 19 people and causing thousands to seek medical care27,28. There was also confirmed use of sarin in the Ghouta attack in 201329. Methyl salicylate is utilized as a simulant for sulphur mustard, which is a vesicant chemical warfare agent that upon skin contact causes blistering in the skin and mucous membranes30,31. It was used extensively in the Iran–Iraq war during 1980–1988 and most recently in the Syria conflict32.