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Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Neonicotinoids account for 15% of the total insecticide market, and their use is increasing faster than other insecticides (89,91,92). The main reason for their success lies in their high selectivity and specificity toward insect versus mammalian nAChRs (90,92). Some neonicotinoids (imidocloprid and thiacloprid) are particularly toxic to birds, and others (thiacloprid) to fish. In recent years, neonicotinoids have been implicated in the decrease in the bee population, and as a consequence, their use has been restricted in the European Union. While other causes (e.g., viral infections) may contribute to diseases in bees, it has been suggested that neonicotinoids may negatively affect the immune system of bees, thereby rendering them more susceptible to infections (93).
Health risk assessment of 42 pesticide residues in Tieguanyin tea from Fujian, China
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Qinghua Yao, Sun-An Yan, Jie Li, Minmin Huang, Qiu Lin
According to the overall risk scores, the detected pesticides were classified into 3 groups. No pesticide was assigned into the high-risk group because the overall risk scores of 17 detected pesticides were lower than 20. In the medium-risks group, the pesticides scored from 15 to 20. And the pesticides with the overall risk score below 15 were assigned into low-risk groups. Based on these, dicofol and thiacloprid were classified into the medium-risk group and 15 other pesticides were classified into the low-risk group (Figure 1). Taking consideration of pesticide toxicity, results of risk assessment and the risk ranking, the suggestions for pesticides used in Tieguanyin tea plantation were listed in Table 5. Dicofol and methomyl are already banned in Chinese tea plantation. The use of thiacloprid and chlorpyrifos should be diminished until banned due to their relatively high toxicity. 13 other pesticides could be used with consideration of the pre-harvest interval.
In vitro metabolism assessment of thiacloprid in rainbow trout and rat by LC-UV and high resolution-mass spectrometry
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Jose Serrano, Richard C. Kolanczyk, Brett R. Blackwell, Barbara R. Sheedy, Mark A. Tapper
The continual rise in food demand associated with the increasing human population has forced the search for alternatives to conventional agrochemicals to reduce the impact of pesticides on the environment. Neonicotinoids are rapidly growing alternative insecticides with known reduced toxicity towards mammals and birds (Wood and Goulson 2017). Although the use of neonicotinoids is effective against insects in a variety of crops, the need for improved risk assessment of these chemicals has been fueled by the recognition that only a small amount (∼5%) of the neonicotinoid water-soluble active ingredient is absorbed by crops. This results in greater chemical dispersion into the adjacent environment and increased potential for distribution and biotransformation in plants and animals (Klein 2001, Sanchez-Bayo et al.2016, Wood and Goulson 2017). Specifically, Thiacloprid (THI) is an insecticide of the chloropyridinyl neonicotinoid (CPN) chemical class and a body of evidence is demonstrating that persistent, low levels of CPNs in soil, water and wild plants could result in adverse effects to a wide range of non-target organisms including bees, vertebrates and aquatic species (Ge et al.2015, Wood and Goulson 2017). CPNs are highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and insects, but not acutely toxic to fish. However, structural modification of parent CPNs through metabolic processes are known to produce toxic metabolites in mammals and other various species (Tomizawa 2004, Tomizawa and Casida 2003). Thus, a more detailed understanding of the biotransformation pathways of this class of pesticides is warranted.
Toxic effect of acetamiprid on Rana ridibunda sciatic nerve (electrophysiological and histopathological potential)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Yusuf Çamlıca, Salih Cüfer Bediz, Ülkü Çömelekoğlu, Şakir Necat Yilmaz
In order to ascertain whether the electrophysiological properties were associated with corresponding alterations in morphological signs of sciatic nerve, histopathological examinations were also carried out. Disorganization, irregularity, dense ovoid body formation, and fragmentation of the myelin sheaths of the nerves in the dose group were observed. Loss of some axoplasms of the nerves was also observed on which acetamiprid applied. The structural damage on the sciatic nerves exposed to high dose groups is relatively more noticeable than to those of the nerves exposed to low dose groups. This strong damage in high doses maybe related to the oxidative stress of acetamiprid. It was previously reported that high doses of acetamiprid caused oxidative stress (Çamlıca et al.2017). Oxidative stress can cause imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant activity and lead to cellular damage (Yu et al.2008). There is a few study to investigate the histopathological effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on against non-target organisms. Signh et al. (2015) applied the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid to 5, 10 and 20 μg chicken eggs, and they examined the histopathological effects on embryo cerebellum. They found that imidacloprid generated toxic and important degenerative effects on glial cells, neurons, and neuropils compared with the control group. Goyal et al. (2010) examined the histopathological effects of neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on liver, kidney, heart, lung, intestine, brain, and ovary of Gallus domesticus by applying the insecticide orally 10 mg/kg/day for 28 days. They observed hepatocyte degeneration and congestion in liver, epithelial cell loss in kidney, tubular cell degeneration, hemorrhage and light blockage in lungs, glial cells in brain, neuronal degeneration around the satellite cells, myocardial hemorrhage in heart. These results support our findings about the neurotoxic effect of acetamiprid.