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Naturally Occurring Alkaloids with Anti-HIV Activity
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
The 14 member states of the South African Development Community (SADC)—which includes Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe—support their use (Mills et al., 2005). However, the concurrent use of antiretroviral drugs and some medicinal plants have been reported to have potentially harmful effects, such as, the harmful interactions between garlic, St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br., and vitamins and cannabis (Peltzer et al., 2008). A few selected medicinal plants containing anti-HIV alkaloids are shown in Figure 20.1.
Interrogating the Framework for the Regulation of Complementary Medicines in South Africa
Published in David R. Katerere, Wendy Applequist, Oluwaseyi M. Aboyade, Chamunorwa Togo, Traditional and Indigenous Knowledge for the Modern Era, 2019
David R. Katerere, Kaizer Thembo, Renée A. Street
With many products which are marketed as health supplements, the distinction between their use as food substances and medicines can be difficult. This might explain why the US government tried to simplify the situation outside the mandate of the FDA. However, this can then compromise patient safety in some cases. For example, Camellia sinensis is a beverage normally packed in teabags, but in concentrated form it has been known to cause hepatitis (22). It might be that it is presented as a tea but is marketed with a medicinal claim or marketed as a normal tea with health benefits claims. Increasingly, aromatic African herbs are presented in food format, packed as tea bags or infusions, as they are popular ‘non-medicalised’ (and therefore ‘natural’) dosage forms. Thus, the South African market has anything from sutherlandia (Sutherlandia frutescens) (kankerbos) tea to hoodia (Hoodia gordonii) and lippia (Lippia javanica) teas and some combinations with more conventional herbal teas such as rooibos (red bush) or honeybush tea. Subtle claims are then inserted, which potentially move them from the food territory into medicine territory.
Traditional Medicine Situation in Africa
Published in Charles Wambebe, African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health, 2018
Ossy MJ Kasilo, Jean-Baptiste Nikiema, Abayneh Desta, André Lona
The Egyptian Pharmacopoeia (1972, 1980) is the national pharmacopoeia that contains monographs on herbal medicines, and it is legally binding (WHO, 2005a, b, c). In lieu of a national pharmacopoeia, Sudan uses the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, and it is considered to be legally binding, and in place of national monographs, the WHO Monographs are used (WHO, 2005a, b, c). Ghana published the second edition of its National Herbal Pharmacopoeia (The Government of Ghana, 2007), whereas Nigeria (The Government of Nigeria, 2008) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ministry of Health, 2009: 1) printed the first editions of their national herbal pharmacopoeias in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Benin developed 418 monographs of medicinal plants used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria during 2009–2014. The country also developed 304 monographs of medicinal plants used for the treatment of opportunistic infections of HIV/AIDS with support from the African Development Bank (ADB) (WHO, 2015). Similarly, experts of the Association for African Medicinal Plants Standards (AAMPS), founded in 2005 to support the African herbal industry and regulatory authorities by developing quality control and quality assurance standards for African medicinal plants and herbal medicines, published the African Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AAMPS, 2010: 1). This pharmacopoeia has monographs on 51 selected African medicinal plants, including well-known examples such as Catharanthus roseus, Prunus africana, Harpagophytum procumbens, Pelargonium sidoides, and the South African cancer bush, Sutherlandia frutescens.
The antimicrobial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from extracts of Red and Green European pear cultivars
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Sohail Simon, Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Mervin Meyer, Abram Madimabe Madiehe, Marlene Geraldine du Preez
To determine the optimal extract concentration and temperature for the synthesis of AgNPs, various concentrations of RPE and GPE were incubated with 1 mM AgNO3. Changes in colour from clear to yellow and then brown indicated successful synthesis of the AgNPs, and were further confirmed by UV-Vis analysis (Figure 1). As shown in Figure 1(A), there was no colour change in the samples that were incubated at room temperature (∼25 °C) for all concentrations. This was further confirmed by UV-Vis spectra of these samples, indicating the absence of the characteristic peak around 400–500 nm, thus further indicating that there was no formation of RP-AgNPs at 25 °C. These variable effects of temperature have been reported previously and attributed to the different types of phytochemicals in a particular plant extract. While the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus extracts were unable to synthesise AgNPs at 20 °C [40], the extracts from Salvia africana-lutea, Sutherlandia frutescens [26] and Terminalia Mantaly [5] produced AgNPs at 25 °C.
The potential of PTPN22 as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2018
F. David Carmona, Javier Martín
On the other hand, efforts are being currently made to identify novel compounds for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy in RA patients with presence of adverse effects after use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In a recent study, Zheng and colleagues reported that pinitol, a cyclic polyol present in the leaves of the Southern African legume Sutherlandia frutescens, showed anti-arthritic effects in rats via reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, docking analysis suggested that pinitol could exert its anti-inflammatory function by binding LYP through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts [108]. If confirmed, pinitol could represent a natural inhibitor of LYP with a therapeutic potential of interest, as the efficacy of most drugs currently used in RA therapy (including rituximab, methotrexate, anti-TNF biologic agents, and prednisolone) has not been associated with the PTPN22 risk genotypes to date [109–112].