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Specialty Silicone Conditioning Agents
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Many of these negative attributes have been mitigated by making silicone complexes with carboxy silicone compounds (19). The carboxy silicone complexes with quaternary compounds have altered properties that make them highly desirable in personal care applications. In order to study the complexes, the following quaternary compounds were chosen as controls. Stearalkonium chloride is an excellent conditioning agent, having outstanding substantivity to hair. It has detangling properties and improves wet comb when applied after shampooing. The FDA formulation data for 1976 reports the use of this material in 78 hair conditioners, 8 at less than 0.1%, 18 at between 0.1 % and 1.0%, and 52 at between 1% and 5%. Cetyltrimonium chloride, or CETAC, is a very substantive conditioner which in addition to having a nongreasy feel, improves wet comb and also provides a gloss to the hair. It is classified as a severe primary eye irritant (20). Therefore its use concentration is generally at or below 1%. These materials were complexed with a carboxy silicone to form clear, water-soluble complexes. These complexes provide outstanding wet comb properties, antistatic properties, and nongreasy softening properties to hair, and fiber and skin. They are minimally irritating to the eye and can be used to formulate clear conditioners. The carboxy silicone fatty quat complexes are shown in Table 3.
Conditioning of Hair
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Attaching a fatty alkyl group to the quaternary nitrogen of a protein hydrolysate that has a molecular weight of 1000 to 2000 results in materials with a unique combination of properties. These protein derivatives are stongly cationic, yet compatible with amphoterics and anionics, soluble at acid pH, mild to skin and eyes, and exhibit biocidal and foaming properties. Steartrimonium hydrolyzed animal protein is the stearyl trimethylammonium salt of a collagen hydrolysate, which gives a substantive conditioning agent, that provides body and gloss to hair. Stern and Johnsen (45) found that cocotrimonium collagen hydrolysate performed similarly to stearalkonium chloride in combing properties, but was preferred over stearalkonium chloride for the hair’s bodying effects as measured by curl bounce and fullness.
Spinosad topical suspension (0.9%): a new topical treatment for scabies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Deepani D Fernando, Katja Fischer
Spinosad (Table 1) is a fermentation product of a naturally occurring soil organism, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. It is a natural mixture of tetracyclic macrolides spinosyn A and spinosyn D (Figure 1) which are typically present in 5:1 ratio [39]. These drugs act on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and secondarily on the GABA receptors in insect muscular and nervous systems, leading to involuntary muscle contraction and paralysis [39,40]. Spinosad is the first spinosyn product developed for commercial use. It was initially registered in 1997 as an agricultural pesticide by the US environmental protection agency [40]. In 2011, the US FDA approved a formulated 0.9% spinosad topical suspension (Natroba®) as a treatment for head lice for children aged 4 years and older, and in 2014, FDA approval was extended to treat infants older than 6 months. The recommendations were to use enough suspension to cover the scalp and to rinse off after 10 minutes. The treatment should be repeated after one week and along with each treatment, the decontamination of patient belongings is suggested. The formulated 0.9% spinosad topical suspension contains 9 g of spinosad per 100 ml as the active ingredient and water, isopropyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, hexylene glycol, propylene glycol, cetearyl alcohol, stearalkonium chloride, ceteareth-20, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and butylated hydroxytoluene as the vehicle components [39]. Due to its well-established safety and efficacy profile as a head lice treatment, and in the absence of any reports of drug resistance in lice after a decade of use, 0.9% spinosad was investigated as a possible topical treatment for scabies and in 2021, the US FDA approved formulated 0.9% spinosad topical suspension for scabies treatment in patients older than 4 years [41]. Scabies patients are directed to apply the suspension on their skin from head to toe and leave it on for 6 hours before washing off. Treating all household members and decontamination of patient belongings are suggested as conjunctive measures to achieve complete cure of scabies. Spinosad has shown ovicidal activity against all developmental stages of human head-lice eggs with an LT50 at 0.01% (weight/volume), likely providing added advantage as a single-dose regime for scabies [42].