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The Worldwide Spread of ‘Herbal Highs’
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Jessica Neicun, Darshan Singh, Eduardo Cinosi
Mitragynine and its analogues in kratom (including speciogynine (7%), paynantheine (9%), and speciociliatine (1%)) are indole alkaloids of the Corynanthe-type, possessing a monoterpene (iridoid) moiety (Takayama, 2004). Differently, 7-hydroxymitragynine, a minor constituent of M. speciosa Korth. (2%), when isolated, demonstrates a potent anti-nociceptive activity in mice (Ponglux et al., 1994), and it is considered to be a major contributory factor in the analgesic properties of M. speciosa Korth. due to its selectivity for μ- and κ- opioid receptors (Dargan & Wood, 2013). The presence of a hydroxyl group at C-7 increases the potency of 7-hydroxymitragynine to a strength of 13- and 46-fold higher than morphine and mitragynine, respectively, both in vitro and in vivo (Horie et al., 2005; Takayama, 2004; Utar, Majid, Adenan, Jamil, & Lan, 2011). This may be one of the main pharmacological markers of kratom products’ quality and potency.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Speciociliatine is analgesic, like codeine, and also strongly antitussive, while mitragynine works like cocaine on the CNS. The psychoactive compound is mitragynine and eight similar compounds, ajmalicine, corynantheidine, isomitraphylline, mitrophylline, paynantheine, speciophylline, speciofoline, and speciogynine.54 Mitraspecine, rhynochophylline, speciociliatine, mitrafoline, isomitrafoline, isospeciofoline, stipulatine, mitraversine are also reported.
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Kratum”AJMALICINE LF ALKCORYNANTHEIDALINE LF PC30:347CORYNANTHEIDINE LF ALK3-DEHYDROMITRAGYNINE 36 LF PC25:2911(-)-EPICATECHIN 150 LF PC25.2910ISOMITRAFOLINE PL CRCISOMITRAPHYLLINE LF ALKISOSPECIOFOLINE PL CRCMITRACILIATINE 32 LF PC25:2911MITRAGYNALINE LF PC30:347MITRAGYNINE 86 LF PC25:2911MITRAGYNOL PL ALKMITRAPHYLLINE LF ALKMITRASPECINE SD ALKMITRAVERSINE PL CRCPAYNANTHEINE 50 LF PC25:2911RHYNCHOPHYLLINE LF ALKROTUNDIFOLINE PL ALKSPECIOCILIATINE 30 LF PC25:2911SPECIOFOLINE LF ALKSPECIOGYNINE 44 LF PC25:2911SPECIOPHYLLINE LF ALKSTIPULATINE LF ALKUNCARINE-D PL JSG
Kratom use disorder: a primer for primary care physicians
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Destin Groff, Heather Stuckey, Carolyn Philpott, Erika Van Dyke, Matthew Silvis, Shou Ling Leong, Curtis Bone
Kratom contains over 25 alkaloids, which are organic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom with diverse physiological effects on humans.6,8 Alkaloid content in kratom leaves ranges from 0.5 to 1.5% with mitragynine comprising approximately 60% of the total content, while paynantheine accounts for 10%. Speciociliatine, speciogynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG) contribute 9%, 7%, and 2%, respectively; remaining analogs comprise less than 1% of total alkaloid content.6,18 Mitragynine and 7-HMG are the predominantly active compounds and partial agonists of mu-opioid receptors, which may explain kratom’s opioid-like effects.6,8,18,32 Mitragynine also stimulates postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, antagonizes serotenergic 5-HT2A, and inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression including prostaglandin E2 production.3,7,24,25 Kratom’s mechanisms of neurobiological activity are summarized in Figure 1. These cellular mechanisms may explain the analgesia, elevated mood, enhanced energy, inflammation suppression, and pain relief experienced with kratom.33