China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) increase the availability of both serotonin and norepinephrine (such as venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, and duloxetine). In addition to relieving depression, these drugs have proved helpful in treating anxiety disorders, e.g., panic disorder, and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (Humble, 2000; Sansone & Sansone, 2011). They can cause inhibited orgasm, nausea and diarrhea, dizziness, and nervousness.
Pharmaceutical interventions
Published in Jane Hanley, Mark Williams, Fathers and Perinatal Mental Health, 2019
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work because they alter the release of serotonin at the synapses which means that the serotonin signalling is adjusted throughout the brain. SSRIs and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI's) are known to increase their respective monoamine levels in the brain.
Psychiatric Treatment Approaches for Pediatric Pain
Published in Andrea Kohn Maikovich-Fong, Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, 2019
Choices of specific psychiatric medications to target depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic pain therefore increasingly shifted toward utilizing TCAs, particularly among GI and neurology providers (Gmuca & Sherry, 2017). Even more recently, SNRI agents (including duloxetine, venlafaxine, or milnacipran) have been used as first-line agents in patients with chronic pain, particularly when comorbid anxiety or depression is a concern.
Clinical pharmacological innovation in the treatment of depression
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Jeffrey M Witkin, Lalit K Golani, Jodi L Smith
Initial treatment with a first antidepressant medication (SSRI or SNRI) takes weeks to demonstrate a full effect if there is to be one (Table 1). If there is no response or if the treatment response is not satisfactory, antidepressant switching can be instigated; a process that continues to put patients at risk due to continued disease symptoms which can instigate potential suicide. An alternative to switching is the addition of an augmentation medication. There are two primary options for augmentation therapy: 1) antipsychotic drugs like aripiprazole (Table 2) or 2) bupropion [23–25]. The mechanisms by which augmentation helps with MDD symptoms continues to be a source of scientific inquiry, but appear to involve both increases in monoamine availability (dopamine and serotonin) to critical circuit synapses and an increase in participation of key monoaminergic receptors including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptor subtypes [26,27].
Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment, serotonin, and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors for anxiety in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Alexandra Arnardóttir, Gudmundur Skarphedinsson
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are well-established, effective treatments for anxiety in youth, and the combination of the two has shown a superior response rate [7]. Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have also shown potential benefits [8–10]. Treatment guidelines recommend CBT and SSRIs as a first-line treatment for AD [11]. However, the comparative effectiveness of CBT, SSRIs, or the combination of both has not been well established in the treatment of youth ADs. Only one random controlled trial (RCT) has examined the comparative effectiveness of CBT, SSRIs/SNRIs, and the combination of both in treating children and adolescents with AD diagnoses [7]. Traditional meta-analyses are, therefore, based on limited data in regard to direct comparisons between the effectiveness of these treatments [9,10].
The state-of-the-art pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Ryan S. D’Souza, Brendan Langford, Rachel E. Wilson, Yeng F. Her, Justin Schappell, Jennifer S. Eller, Timothy C. Evans, Jonathan M. Hagedorn
The most widely used SNRI agents include duloxetine, venlafaxine, and milnacipran (Table 4). A review of 18 trials found that a duloxetine dose as low as 60 mg daily was effective in treating neuropathic pain including diabetic peripheral neuropathy, fibromyalgia, and painful physical symptoms in depression [60]. Duloxetine may also offer short-term pain reduction and improvement in physical function in patients with osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain as early as within 2 weeks of initiation [61]. A systematic review of 11 RCTs revealed that venlafaxine was efficacious for neuropathic pain, particularly when higher dosages were administered (150–225 mg) for longer durations. This strategy may lead to greater norepinephrine reuptake inhibition and greater activation of noradrenergic pathways involved in analgesia and descending inhibition of pain signal transmission [62]. Milnacipran is an FDA-approved agent for treatment of fibromyalgia with Level I evidence indicating that doses of 100–200 mg/day of milnacipran are superior to placebo (number needed to treat: 11) [63].