China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nutraceuticals and Hormonal Balance in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Ashley Oake, Michaela McMahon, Yashwant V. Pathak
Many women experience a depressive state during pregnancy due to the hormonal changes the body is undergoing (22). Studies have shown that depression during pregnancy has affected almost 16% of the population and 5% have a major depressive disorder (22). These mood disorders can have negative effects on the fetus and result in complications during delivery, including low birthweight, preterm birth, and abnormalities with development (22). Severe anxiety can also cause complications with neurodevelopment with the fetus and a shorter gestation (22). Taking antidepressants during pregnancy may cause adverse effects on both the child and the mother (24). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants have been shown to result in developmental complications to the fetus as well as during the delivery (24). They can also cause lower gestation periods and premature delivery (24).
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Reboxetine is a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor (NARI). Although weight gain and sedation are unusual with reboxetine, insomnia, anxiety, agitation, sexual dysfunction, and side effects similar to tricyclics, such as urinary retention, dry mouth, hypotension, and constipation can occur. Also like the tricyclics, reboxetine is contra-indicated in those with closed-angle glaucoma. Because its mode of action is complementary to SSRIs, it is possible to use reboxetine in combination with one of these drugs in chronic depression or where there is partial response to a serotonergic agent.
How Antidepressants Work, but Often Do Not
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Many psychiatrists believe that the older MAOIs and TCAs may be slightly more effective medications for severe depression. Nonetheless, fluoxetine and subsequent SSRIs have gained predominance in frequency of use. A newer class of antidepressants, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or SNRIs, are now another commonly used type of antidepressant medication. As their name suggests, they increase the activity of both serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, but without the dangers of overdose inherent in the older TCAs. The relatively pure noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, is a poor antidepressant.4
Rethinking the medication management of major depression
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Our proposed approach needs testing, but is readily usable by psychiatrists. Further studies are needed to guide use of antidepressant blood levels for most newer antidepressants. Ongoing evaluation of pharmacogenetic tests in guiding medication choices for MDD is also needed. The use of generic drugs has steadily increased in the US over the past two decades. Formularies that encourage selection of cheaper medications through copayment or coinsurance tiers have been a principal driver of generic drug use [193]. Despite anecdotal reports that some generics have less bioavailability compared with brand-name drugs, a study using two U.S. large commercial insurance databases reported comparable clinical outcomes with use of generic drugs compared with brand-name products [194]. Research on treatment of depression has appropriately focused over the past two decades on searching for drugs with new mechanism of action and targets, which is crucial but, there have been too few studies on how to better utilize currently available medications. A recent successful example in this regard is the dextromethorphan-bupropion combination, which has just been approved by FDA for MDD treatment [195]. Dextromethorphan has anti-NMDA receptor antagonist and SNRI properties. When combined with the norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor bupropion, improvement of depressive symptoms is observed in as short as one week.
Inhibitory Control in Male and Female Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2022
Mackenzie N. Cissne, Katherine R. Bellesheim, Shawn E. Christ
Individuals with color blindness, severe cognitive impairment, or major medical history unrelated to ASD were excluded from the study. Eight ASD participants were prescribed attention-related medications or other medications known to affect cognitive performance (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamine, Concerta). They were able to safely refrain (per their treating physicians) from taking the relevant medication for 24 hours prior to testing and thus were included in the study. Other medications included serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI; ASD = 7), guanfacine (ASD = 2), propranolol (ASD = 1), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI; ASD = 4, non-ASD = 2), buspirone (ASD = 2), tetracyclic antidepressant (ASD = 1), and/or antipsychotics (second generation or atypical; ASD = 3). Because of safety reasons and/or their relatively long half-lives, these medications were not withheld for the purposes of the present study.
Current and emerging pharmacotherapeutic strategies for Tourette syndrome
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
There are a few recent studies on emerging treatments for TS that modulate histaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic pathways [33]. A trial investigating atomoxetine, a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor which might improve response inhibition parameters in patients with TS, has been registered. An H3-receptor antagonist called AZD5213 has been assessed for safety and tolerability in patients with TS, however it has not shown any significant difference compared to placebo. Pimavanserin is a serotonin receptor inverse agonist (without dopamine receptor antagonist properties) which is approved for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease psychosis. The results of a recent open-label phase 1 pilot study to evaluate pimavanserin in the treatment of motor and behavioral symptoms in adults with TS were encouraging and warranted further research by larger, placebo-controlled, trials [92]. Of note, the adverse effects of pimavanserin were reported to be common but not severe (headache, bloating, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and dysgeusia. A significant degree of tic reduction was demonstrated when D-cycloserine, an antibiotic with learning enhancing properties, was administered to patients with TS undergoing habit reversal training (as compared to patients treated with habit reversal training and placebo) [93]. A follow-up study of D-cycloserine augmented habit reversal training for youth with tic disorders has been registered.