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Novel psychoactive substances and inhalants
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
The psychoactive chemical found in Salvia is salvinorin A, which is one of the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogens. It is absorbed rapidly from the buccal mucosa and crosses the blood-brain barrier where it is rapidly metabolised into an inactive form. This aspect of its pharmacokinetics results in Salvia’s very rapid but short-lived action in terms of hallucinatory experiences (Yan and Roth, 2004).
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Salvia contains a phytochemical, salvinorin A, that produces a psychotomimetic effect through the seemingly rare ability to activate kappa opiate receptors in the brain. It appears to be the only plant-derived chemical to selectively act at kappa receptors over other subtypes of opiate receptors. Moreover, it is a non-nitrogenous diterpene with a molecular structure unrelated to all other known opioid receptor ligands.2 Aside from “magical, divinatory uses,” the plant has also been used among the native Mazatec Indians for treatment of headache, rheumatism, to regulate eliminatory functions, and as a tonic for the old and feeble.3
Licit and illicit drugs
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
Salvinorin A, the active ingredient in Salvia divinorum, is the exception. The only reason for taking Salvia is to produce hallucinogenic effects, but many potentially useful drugs also stimulate κ-receptors and the psychological side effects that result from this stimulation can be so strong that the drug cannot be used for its intended clinical purpose (the reason phencyclidine was withdrawn from the human market).
Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between illicit substances and clinical drugs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Kodye L. Abbott, Patrick C. Flannery, Kristina S. Gill, Dawn M. Boothe, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran, Sridhar Mani, Satyanarayana R. Pondugula
Salvia divinorum, is a sage species used as an entheogen (Tsujikawa et al. 2009; Serra et al. 2015). Salvia can be smoked, chewed, or brewed as a tea (NIDA 2019). Salvinorin A, the active ingredient of salvia, acts as a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist resulting in its dissociative and psychoactive properties (Kuhn et al. 2008; Cruz et al. 2017). Salvinorin A is metabolized by CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2C18, CYP2E1 and UGT2B7 (Teksin et al. 2009) (Table 3). Salvinorin A may also be metabolized by blood esterases (Schmidt et al. 2005). Salvinorin A was noted to be a substrate of P-gp (Teksin et al. 2009; Butelman et al. 2012) (Table 3). Currently, there are no reports whether salvia can modulate drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug-transporters, or whether it can cause adverse interactions when taken with clinical drugs.
Antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of a neo-clerodane diterpene from Salvia semiatrata aerial parts
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Lizeth M. Zavala-Ocampo, Martha J. Martínez-Gordillo, María Eva González-Trujano, Francisco A. Basurto Peña, Iván J. Bazany-Rodríguez, José Alberto Rivera Chávez, Alejandro Dorazco-González, Eva Aguirre-Hernández
The genus Salvia has been a source of medicinal plants with activity on the CNS (Imanshahidi and Hosseinzadeh 2006), regarding to the antinociceptive activity of different species of Salvia. It has been explored in several organic extracts. However, the medium polar extracts have demonstrated higher activity among them. For example, acetone extract showed greater reduction of the nociceptive response than methanol extract of Salvia aegyptiaca L. evaluated at doses from 250 to 2000 mg/kg, p.o. in the writhing and formalin tests in mice (Al-Yousuf et al. 2002). Hexane and chloroform extracts of S. officinalis leaves produced dose-dependent anti-inflammatory response by inhibiting croton oil-induced oedema in the mouse ear, where chloroform extract was the most active in comparison to a lower response obtained with methanol extract (Baricevic et al. 2001). In a similar manner, a chloroformic extract of Salvia wiedemannii Boiss. at 500 mg/kg, i.p. produced significant antinociceptive effect in the writhing and tail-flick tests in mice while, polar extracts like aqueous, ethanol or butanol were not effective (Ustun and Sezik 2011). Nevertheless, some Salvia species have been tested prepared only as a polar extract, for example, the ethanol of S. plebeia evaluated at doses of 50–200 mg/kg, p.o., which showed activity in abdominal pain and inflammation induced by carrageenan in mice (Jung et al. 2009). The antinociceptive effect in different types of nociception has been also reported for S. divinorum, partly due to the presence of salvinorins found in the medium polar extracts (Tlacomulco-Flores et al. 2020). All these results together suggest that medium polar constituents of Salvia species are mainly responsible of their antinociceptive effects and potential source of analgesic drugs.
Biochemical, Histopathologic, and Genotoxic Effects of Ethanol Extract of Salvia hypargeia (Fisch. & Mey.) on Incisional and Excisional Wounded Diabetic Rats
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Yusuf Ozay, Sevda Guzel, Ebru Gokalp Ozkorkmaz, Meltem Kumas, Cosar Uzun, Zuhal Yıldırım, Ayla Celik, Yusuf Camlıca, Onder Yumrutas, Gizem Guler, Nurten Erdal, Bahar Tasdelen, Havva Didem Celikcan, Ahmet Kahraman
Wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of S. hypargeia extracts on diabetic wounds were investigated in this study using biochemical, biomechanical, histopatological, and genotoxicological parameters. In diabetic wounds, delay in wound healing and biomechanical parameters of skin in comparison with healthy rats were reported [30]. Researchers still consider natural biologically active herbal compounds as an alternative medicine [31, 32]. Consequently, a great deal of interest has been focused on medicinal plants regarding their long use in folk medicine, as well as their prophylactic properties, mainly in developing countries [33]. Salvia species are still being used in traditional medicine all around the world as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-tuberculosis, antiseptics, diuretics, stimulants, sedatives, anti-tumor, and wound healing agents [34–36]. The local use of Salvia species includes the treatment of wounds because of their anti-inflammatory properties [36]. A study of Estakhr and Javdan (2011) on wound healing activity of Salvia hypoleuca Benth. in rats using chemically induced wound model and revealed that S. hypoleuca had strong wound healing activity [8]. The components isolated from the Salvia species and their bioactivities have been published in several articles [10, 11]. Salvia species are reported to be rich in bioactive compounds mainly diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils [35, 37–40]. Previous studies demonstrated the presence of several diterpenoids, two triterpenes and β-sitosterol, δ-oleanol 3-acetate and also palmitoleic acid (6.4%) and palmitic acid (51.6%) in the roots of S. hypargeia [41, 42] showing strong free radical scavenging capacity [43]. Karagoz et al. also found that the aerial parts of S. hypargeia exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity with 86.64%–95.69% which is even higher than that of the antioxidant vitamin E used as a reference [16]. In a study on wound healing properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Salvia kronenburgii and Salvia euphratica on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats indicated that these plants showed wound healing effects, herein Fito cream was used for comparison [44]. Guzel et al. indicated that ethanol extract of aerial parts of S. hypargeia had antimicrobial activity with different MIC values against some microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis, and also showed strong antimicrobial activity to Acinetobacter baumannii which causes serious infections especially in surgical wounds with 62.5 μg/mL MIC value when compared to reference drug Ampicillin (125 µg/mL MIC value) [17]. This finding demonstrates that S. hypargeia extract may protect against bacterial invasion and facilitate wound healing.