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Religious Aspects and Medicinal Uses of Salvadora persica (Miswak)
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Several research studies have been carried out to analyse the functions of Salvadora persica in numerous fields of dental science. Salvadora persica consists of a broad range of prospective management properties in numerous conditions of the oral cavity. Apart from its anticancer effects, it plays a remarkable role in preventing and managing different periodontal ailments and is proven by a range of analytical and research studies. Currently, there has been a surge in interest in natural medicines and their products as a substitute for modern medicines, and the disorders of the buccal cavity are no exception. On the other hand, many studies have demonstrated that miswak is equal to or better than a number of antibiotics consumed extensively to manage periodontal diseases. Moreover, several in vivo and in vitro analyses have stated noticeable benefits of utilising miswak to manage periodontal or gingival inflammation.
Influence of cement dust exposure on periodontal health of occupational workers
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohamed F. A. Elagib, I. A. Ghandour, Manar E. Abdel Rahman, Sara M. H. Baldo, Abubakr M. Idris
Notably, considerable number of residents in Sudan uses Miswak, that is, twigs of Salvadora persica tree, as alternative to toothbrush for cleaning mouth (Azaripour et al.2017, Raina et al.2017, Aumeeruddy et al.2018). Hence, this method was considered among methods of oral hygiene.
Current anti-biofilm strategies and potential of antioxidants in biofilm control
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
Kuan Shion Ong, Christina Injan Mawang, Delhousie Daniel-Jambun, Yau Yan Lim, Sui Mae Lee
Curcumin is another well-known phenolic antioxidant. Previous studies found that it could inhibit the biofilm formation of several uropathogens (Proteus and Pseudomonas) by interfering with the QS system, and by attenuating the QS-dependent factors such as EPS production, alginate production, swimming, and swarming motility [78]. As QS is modulated by ROS, the ROS-scavenging activity of curcumin might indirectly inhibit the biofilm formation of the uropathogens. This is supported by a proteomic study conducted by Sethupathy et al. [79] which showed that curcumin reduced the QS and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by affecting the oxidative stress response proteins. Apart from curcumin, extracts of Alnus japonica, which contain quercetin as the major compound, were shown to repress the intercellular adhesion genes icaA and icaD of S. aureus using transcriptional analysis [80]. A study conducted by Rama-Devi et al. [81] showed that rosmarinic acid (an antioxidant) can inhibit the QS ability of Aeromonas hydrophilla, followed by a reduction in QS-mediated hemolysin, lipase and elastase production. The reduction in these enzymes production was consistent with the gene sequence analysis, which showed a down-regulation of ahh1, aerA, lip and ahyB, which encodes for hemolysin, aerolysin, lipase and elastase production, respectively. The potential of rosmarinic acid as a QS inhibitor was further substantiated by a study conducted by Noumi et al. [82], which showed that the methanolic extracts of Salvadora persica (rich in rosmarinic acid), can inhibit the biofilm formation and QS system of P. aeruginosa. Chlorogenic acid is another antioxidant that can repress biofilm production by E. coli and C. albicans. Gene expression analysis revealed mrkD (type 3 fimbriae) and treC (trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase) genes were down-regulated in chlorogenic acid treated bacterial cells [83]. The interference in the QS system and down-regulation of the different genes observed could be associated with a reduction in oxidative stress, which was caused by the ROS-scavenging ability of these antioxidants. As mentioned earlier, ROS plays an important role in attachment, aggregation and EPS production. Therefore, the ROS quenching ability of antioxidants may reduce the formation of biofilm by interfering with the endogenous or exogenous ROS, which serves as regulatory signals for many bacteria in biofilm establishment.
Presence of potent inhibitors of bacterial biofilm associated proteins is the key to Citrus limon’s antibiofilm activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Songeeta Singha, Rajendran Thomas, Abinash Kumar, Devarshi Bharadwaj, Jai N. Vishwakarma, Vivek Kumar Gupta
The attachment of potential spoilage and pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation represents a serious challenge to the food industry, including the meat industry, which may lead to cross-contamination of the products, resulting in lower shelf life and transmission of diseases. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes together with common meat spoilage bacteria such as Pseudomonas Spp. grow predominantly as biofilms on most of their habitats, rather than in planktonic state. It has been observed that biofilm formation enhances a cell’s resistance to antimicrobials compared to the planktonic cells which in turn increases the survival rate of the biofilm producer in a food processing environment (Giaouris et al. 2012). In order to eliminate microorganisms found on food contact surfaces, disinfection procedures using antibiotics and other chemical have been extensively used. However, the emergence of resistance against conventional antibiotics in microorganisms and the foul smell and toxicity of the residues of the disinfectant are of critical concern and thus indicate the profound need to find out suitable and natural alternative to be used in food processing. Considering the benefits of natural products, several plants/plant derived compounds are widely in use in therapeutic practices, especially among Indian, Chinese and African populations (Di Marco et al. 2021). Such molecules/compounds are also known to be non-toxic, cost effective and agents with high degree of applicability in food systems (Thomas et al. 2016). It has been well documented that several plant extracts used in traditional practice confer extensive antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, including the bacteria that produces biofilms (Gonelimali et al. 2018). According to earlier studies, Salvadora persica and Curcuma longa showed significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans (Al-Sohaibani and Murugan 2012), while roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) have shown significant effects against E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans (Gonelimali et al. 2018). Essential oils(EOs) of herbs and spices have also shown biocidal properties against microbial biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Knowles and Roller 2001). The biocidal properties of these plants could be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, tannins and terpenoids, which possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.