China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Memantine is the only example of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators that is currently used. It works by blocking the effects of glutamate in the brain, which causes large amounts of calcium to move into the neurons, causing their death. Memantine, therefore, is useful because it reduces the effects of glutamate, but does not totally block its binding. The adverse effects of memantine are headache, confusion, dizziness, and constipation. Because the two classes of AD medications work in different ways, they can be used in combination.
Central Nervous System Effects of Essential Oil Compounds
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Elaine Elisabetsky, Domingos S. Nunes
Though pharmacokinetics is beyond the scope of this chapter, differentiation of in vitro vs. in vivo, ip vs. oral, ip vs. icv, and inhaled vs. systemic effects is necessary. Advantages of inhalation cannot be fully explored until accurate calculations of actual inhaled concentrations in experimental models is provided, or reproducibility and predictability is weakened. Consistent proofs that whatever the effects of interest (receptor modulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc.) can be traced to brain areas relevant to the pathophysiology are ultimately needed to define the appropriate drug exposure to produce the desired effect. Experiments including the analysis of effects in biomarkers in brain areas were found almost exclusively in the neuroprotector area.
The Renin-Angiotensin System
Published in Austin E. Doyle, Frederick A. O. Mendelsohn, Trefor O. Morgan, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Aspects of Hypertension, 2020
The pressor response to exogenous angiotensin II is enhanced by sodium loading and diminished by sodium deprivation.500-502 There is some evidence that at least part of this phenomenon might be related to modulation of angiotensin receptors. However, this evidence is mainly indirect and will require further investigation before the role of receptor modulation in vascular reactivity is established. Some of the preliminary evidence is discussed below.
Self-treatment attempt of tobacco use disorder with Melissa officinalis: a case report and brief review of literature
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2023
Baris Sancak, Gizem Dokuzlu, Ozan Özcan, Urun Ozer Agirbas
When cigarette smoke is inhaled, nicotine is absorbed to the pulmonary arteries and delivered to the brain within 15–20 seconds. The rapid psychoactive effect of smoked nicotine results in either stimulation or relaxation, and is highly addictive. With regular use, desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors in the brain increases the amount of nicotine that is needed and the number of cigarettes that are consumed.2 Although NRT, which focuses on the biological treatment of nicotine-induced psychological addiction, is currently accepted as a first-line treatment with a combination of long and short-acting products, still long-term treatment success is limited.8 Other pharmacological approaches also act through nicotinic receptor modulation, for example, varenicline is a molecule that is a partial agonist of nicotinic receptors. Due to this effect, it helps to reduce withdrawal symptoms and is also effective in the treatment of psychological addiction. Its combination with NRT appears to be even more effective.9 It is underlined that psychosocial interventions are essential, including crucial elements such as increasing motivation and psychoeducation (for example, informing about health problems caused by cigarette consumption).10
Emerging drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2022
Newer biologics including anti-integrin, anti-IL12/23 and anti-IL 23 have excellent safety profiles, which make them favorable options, particularly for patients with older age and those with comorbidities. The perception that newer biologics have slower onset of action is probably overestimated; providers should reconsider need for corticosteroid and consider using these as first-line therapy for both CD and UC. JAK-inhibitors can provide rapid symptom improvement and benefits for patients with EIMs. However, they are recommended as second-line therapies for UC after unsuccessful anti-TNF therapy due to risks of VTE, MACE, and malignancy. S1P receptor modulators are safe and effective for moderate to severe UC and should be considered as first-line therapy for those without contraindications. With increasing number of therapies proven to be effective against placebo, more head-to-head trials are needed to guide positioning of IBD therapies.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of modafinil in a mouse model of neuropathic pain: A role for nitrergic and serotonergic pathways
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Hossein Ghorbanzadeh, Parastoo Mohebkhodaei, Mehran Nematizadeh, Nastaran Rahimi, Mahsa Rafeiean, Mehdi Ghasemi, Ahmad R. Dehpour
Several lines of evidence have indicated serotonin involvement in pain processing pathways over the past years. It was reported that topical administration of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, exerts anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in a model of inflammatory pain following intradermal injection of capsaicin in humans [48]. Other investigations also showed that granisetron, another 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, abolished serotonin-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia in human masseter muscle [49]. While serotonin’s peripheral hyperalgesic effect is somehow confirmed, its effect on central pain transmission and perception depends on the pain condition [50]. In our study, modafinil’s alleviative effect on neuropathic pain was reversed after pretreatment with citalopram. Besides, citalopram blocked the modafinil suppressive effects on TNF-α concentration in the cuffed sciatic nerve. These data may suggest that modafinil modulates serotonergic activities concurrent with its anti-inflammatory effects. Clearly, more detail studies using specific 5-HT receptor subtype agonists and antagonists (e.g. 5-HT3 receptor modulators) are needed to more deeply explore these findings.