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Introduction to Oxidative (Eu)stress in Exercise Physiology
Published in James N. Cobley, Gareth W. Davison, Oxidative Eustress in Exercise Physiology, 2022
Gareth W. Davison, James N. Cobley
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a term used to explain the process of an unpaired electron residing on a nitrogen molecule (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2015). Common RNS include nitrogen dioxide , nitrous acid (HNO2), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), nitroxyl anion (NO−), nitric oxide and peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH). Of these, perhaps the most widely known is .
Soybean-Based Functional Foods Through Microbial Fermentation: Processing and Biological Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arijit Nath, Titas Ghosh, Abinit Saha, Klára Pásztorné Huszár, Szilvia Bánvölgyi, Renáta Gerencsérné Berta, Ildikó Galambos, Edit Márki, Gyula Vatai, Andras Koris, Arpita Das
Antioxidants help to protect cells against oxidative stress. Free radicals (such as: reactive oxygen species-peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and alpha-oxygen) and reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide) as metabolic byproducts are produced due to unhealthy lifestyle, smoking, high alcohol consumption, over stress, inflammation, suffering with chronic metabolic disease. Their generation and accumulation are cause of oxidative damage of cell organelles, including DNA. Antioxidants operate by triggering and neutralizing free radicals in cell through (a) donating electron and (b) activation of transcription factor DAF-16 [5, 27].
Commentary
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
The proceeding of advancing age-induced neurodegeneration is a progressive deterioration of neuronal cells, its structural integrity, and functions, which eventually steer to cognitive disability and dysfunctions, and dementia.6–9 As we all know, neurons, which regulate the nerves impulses, consists of an axon and several dendrites, and are connected to each other by synapses.6–8 Now, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated as a part of normal physiological metabolism and contribute to important physiological and metabolic functions. Incidentally, the neurons are deadly vulnerable to ROS- and RNS-mediated oxidative stress and nitrosative injury.9
Pioglitazone restores phosphorylation of downregulated caveolin-1 in right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Eva Malikova, Zuzana Kmecova, Gabriel Doka, Lenka Bies Pivackova, Peter Balis, Simona Trubacova, Eva Velasova, Peter Krenek, Jan Klimas
Presence of significant RV enlargement with hypertrophy measured as Fulton’s index in the MCT study here shown was also well documented in our previous studies (40,41). Induction of PAH by MCT was further evidenced by a decrease of oxygen saturation, increase of breathing frequency, and enlargement of lungs, the primarily affected organ. The high RV pressure as a consequence of pulmonary vasculature remodeling induces increase in wall thickness. The resulting hypertrophy is considered a compensatory response to reduce the wall stress and maintain systolic function of the heart via protein synthesis and increase in cell size. The RV is unable to sustain lasting pressure overload and eventually dilates. This increases the oxygen demand, decreases RV perfusion, and compromises contractility. Formation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species accompanies these processes (42). Eventually, RV failure develops, which is a predominant cause of death in PAH patients (43).
Breast implant illness: scientific evidence of its existence
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
JW Cohen Tervaert, N Mohazab, D Redmond, C van Eeden, M. Osman
The association between implants and ASIA likely results in the following scenario: mast cells, macrophages and, subsequently, inflammasomes are activated, resulting in the production of cytokines such as interleukin-1β. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species are also produced. Subsequently, apoptosis of macrophages occurs, and neutrophils are attracted. These neutrophils are activated, produce ROS, and release enzymes such as myeloperoxidase. Additionally, materials from implants are transported to the regional lymph nodes, resulting in a pronounced adjuvant effect. In animal models, it has been shown that implants such as silicone breast implants and polypropylene meshes induce an adjuvant effect and increase the susceptibility to and/or exacerbate autoimmune diseases. In non-susceptible animals, however, autoimmunity could not be induced [81].
The protective effect of resveratrol against cyclosporine A-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Ilknur Bingul, Vakur Olgac, Seldag Bekpinar, Mujdat Uysal
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug widely used for preventing graft rejection and autoimmune diseases. It inhibits T-cell activation by repressing the synthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and various cytokines. However, its clinical and experimental use is limited due to some adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hypertension, and hepatotoxicity (Yoon and Yang 2009, Korolczuk et al.2016, Hošková et al. 2017). The precise mechanisms of the toxic effect of CsA have not been clearly established. Several studies have shown that CsA exposure enhances reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) formation and depletes antioxidant parameters and thus leads to oxidative and nitrosative stress (Lee 2010, Damiano et al.2015, Korolczuk et al.2016).