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Antineoplastic Drugs during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
In a review of collected cases, the authors summarized their findings, stating that procarbazine use ‘in early pregnancy, particularly during the period of fetal neurulation and morphogenesis (third to twelfth weeks menstrual in humans) does appear to be associated with the risk of teratologic effects’ (Wiebe and Sipila, 1994). However, this is based on two first trimester exposures in two case reports. One infant had a congenital heart defect, and the other had a congenital heart defect and a renal malformation. Among rats whose mothers were given procarbazine during embryogenesis an increased frequency of eye defects was found (Chaube and Murphy, 1968; Tuchmann-Duplessis and Mercier-Parot, 1967).
Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The tumorigenic effects of chemicals and radiation have been previously discussed. Unfortunately, this means that certain chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., DNA-interactive agents) and radiation therapy given to patients (particularly children) with cancer can increase the risk of them developing a different type of cancer later in life. This often manifests as soft tissue sarcoma, a disease affecting mostly connective tissue and muscles. According to one study reported in the International Journal of Cancer in 2004, soft tissue sarcoma is one of the most common types of new malignant disease appearing in young adults and teenagers treated with anticancer drugs during childhood. Furthermore, researchers from the Gustave Roussy Institute (France) followed more than 4,000 patients who had survived a first cancer during their childhood and observed the occurrence of 16 soft tissue sarcomas at least 3 years after diagnosis of the first disease. Although this rate of occurrence appears low, it is more than 50 times greater than that observed in the general population. More significantly, 14 of the 16 sarcomas were found in close proximity to the area of treatment of the first cancer. Furthermore, the probability of soft tissue sarcoma occurring as a secondary cancer increased in proportion to the dose of radiation originally administered. The researchers also found that treatment with the DNA-methylating agent procarbazine appeared to raise the risk of sarcoma developing later in life.
Drug-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis In Children
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Marina I. Liscano, Lawrence J. Ettinger
Virtually all antineoplastic agents have been reported to cause pulmonary toxicity in at least several cases. As new agents are placed into clinical trials and then added to the armamentarium of the oncologist, the list continues to grow. Among other agents that have been implicated in the development of pulmonary toxicity are alkylating agents such as melphalan (Alkeran), chlorambucil (Leukeran), and uracil mustard, the antibiotic mitomycin-C (Mutamycin), other antimetabolites such as 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol) and azathioprine (Imuran), and various miscellaneous agents including procarbazine hydrochloride (Matu-lane), VM-26 (Teniposide), vinblastine (Velban), and neocarzinostatin (Zinostatin).1,5,14 The clinical manifestations of these agents are similar to those described above. The toxicity seen with procarbazine may be secondary to a hypersensitivity phenomenon.
Investigation of apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of Turkish natural tetraploids Trifolium pratense L. extract on C6 glioblastoma cells via light and electron microscopy
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Gamze Tanrıverdi, Aynur Abdulova, Hatice Çölgeçen, Havva Atar, Belisa Kaleci, Tuğba Ekiz-Yılmaz
GBM is the most resistant of all glioma types. Despite advances in conventional treatment approaches, including selective surgical resection and synchronous radiation treatments, the prognosis for patients with glioblastoma is extremely poor.20,21 Vincristine, procarbazine, temozolomide and nitrosoureas are anticancer drugs used in the first-line treatments of malignant brain tumors. Although the survival rates of the patients have been increased with these widely used anticancer drug treatments, the prognosis in most cases is still poor as a result of the resistance developed by the tumor cells.22,23 Despite intensive treatment, the cancer often recurs. There is currently no effective treatment strategy for GBM and therefore the development of new chemotherapeutic agents is of crucial importance.
Current therapeutic options for glioblastoma and future perspectives
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Elisa Aquilanti, Patrick Y. Wen
Nitrosoureas are alkylating agents that have adequate blood–brain barrier penetration. Examples of nitrosoureas are lomustine (CCNU), nimustine (ACNU), carmustine (BCNU), and fotemustine. Lomustine is the most used in the United States, and it is generally preferred over carmustine because of its oral administration. Lomustine is dosed at 90–130 mg/m2 every 6 weeks. Fotemustine is frequently used in some European countries. In randomized phase III trials that used lomustine as a control arm, the lomustine-only group showed response rates of ~10% or less, progression-free survival at 6 months of ~20% and overall survival of 6–9 months [28,40–42]. Lomustine was studied in combination regimens with procarbazine and vincristine (PCV) in older clinical trials, which showed response rates of ~3–11%, progression-free survival of ~3 months and overall survival of ~8 months [43,44].
Peyronie’s disease: pharmacological treatments and limitations
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Eric V. Li, Robert Esterquest, Minh N. Pham, Evan J. Panken, Channa Amarasekera, Aisha Siebert, Petar Bajic, Laurence A. Levine
Treatment during the acute phase of Peyronie’s disease may offer an opportunity to influence the disease’s trajectory. While the inflammatory mechanisms behind the acute phase is an active area of research, this process ultimately promotes collagen synthesis and its deposition in the tunica albuginea. Clinically, this culminates into discrete regions of scarring, penile curvature and sexual dysfunction. In patients in the active phase with a degree of bother meeting the treatment threshold, oral therapy has historically been an initial management option. Notably, the most recent guidelines from the AUA and EAU both discourage prescribing oral treatments for disease modifying intent, e.g. vitamin E, tamoxifen, procarbazine [1,33]. Only NSAIDs are recommended by the AUA for analgesic purposes [1]. Recommendations against oral monotherapy are primarily due to the absence of strong evidence supporting their use; however, these agents continue to be offered to patients given low risk and potential benefits to scar formation, deformity, and pain (Table 2 for dosing of oral therapies).