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Phytoconstituent-Based Nanotherapeutics as Ocular Delivery Systems
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mohammed Jafar, Syed Sarim Imam, Syed Azizullah Ghori
The use of phytocomponents in the treatment of ocular diseases has been widely accepted globally, since several decades. The advancement in the field of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has permitted elucidation of the composition and biological activities of several medicinal plant products. The phytochemical potency majorly depends on the availability of active compounds. Several biologically active constituents are highly water-soluble, with a lower systemic absorption, because they are inaccessible to cross the corneal layer resulting in loss of bioavailability and efficacy. The phytochemical entrapment with nanoforms might result to ameliorate the action, thus reducing the desired dose and side effects, and in turn improving activity. Nanoforms, can deliver the active chemicals at an adequate concentration during the complete treatment duration, directing it to the desired targeted action site. Still, there have been many promising challenges for implementation of clinically viable ocular therapies in this area. The management of nanoform interactions with biological systems represents some of the current challenges mimicking our novel trial process. Fewer additional new challenges include probing of targeted efficiency of nanoforms and satisfying the international standards in relation with their toxicology and biocompatibility aspects (Table 9.1).
Streptomyces: A Potential Source of Natural Antimicrobial Drug Leads
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Mahmoud A. Elfaky, Hanaa Nasr, Ilham Touiss, Mohamed L. Ashour
The term antibiotic was first used by Selman Waksman (1888–1973) to describe any small molecule formed by a microbe that can kill or prevent the development of other microbes. Generally, antibiotics have their specific potent action on bacteria at relatively small therapeutic concentrations while exhibiting reduced toxicity (Ribeiro da Cunha et al. 2019). It is often assumed that human resistance to antibiotics is related to the recent ‘antibiotic period.’ However, tetracycline traces were found in human skeletal remains from Nubia and late Roman times in Egypt, which may be one of the reasons for the low infectious disease prevalence in the Nubia population (Aminov 2010).
Patient assessment
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Sadly, acne treatments may take up to four months from initiation to have an appreciable benefit. The treatment regimens offered to patients with acne are dictated by disease severity. In mild acne, patients are often offered an astringent such as topical benzoyl peroxide lotion as well as topical antibiotics such as erythromycin or clindamycin. Should these topical treatments prove ineffective, or if a person has moderate acne on presentation, then a 16-week course of oral antibiotics such as lymecycline or oxytetracycline are often advised in conjunction with benzoyl peroxide. Female patients may also have some benefit from taking the combined oral contraceptive pill to decrease circulating testosterone levels and subsequently decreasing sebum production. Severe cases should be managed by a consultant dermatologist for consideration of isotretinoin, a vitamin A analogue, which induces apoptosis within sebaceous glands. It is usually a very effective medication with over 8 in every 10 patients reporting resolution of acne lesions after a 20-week treatment regime. Isotretinoin should only be dispensed by a consultant dermatolo-gist as it has a considerable side-effect profile, including mucosal dryness, worsening of acne, depression and psychosis. It is also a potent teratogenic agent, and females of childbearing age should always have adequate contraception whilst on this treatment.
Research progress on substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for human vaccine potency assays
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Xuanxuan Zhang, Xing Wu, Qian He, Junzhi Wang, Qunying Mao, Zhenglun Liang, Miao Xu
Potency is ‘The measure of the biological activity using a suitably quantitative biological assay, based on the attribute of the product which is linked to the relevant biological properties’ [4,5]. The potency of a final lot, which is directly associated with its efficacy, is a critical quality attribute (CQA) for vaccine quality control and release [6]. Typically, vaccine potency assays include in vivo and in vitro methods. In vivo assays require the assessment of protection against a challenge or antibody detection after immunization of animals. In vitro assays generally require the determination of the vaccine immunogen content. Vaccine potency assays are selected depending on vaccine types. In general, the in vitro virus titration method or bacterial content determination is employed for attenuated live vaccines; in vivo assays are adopted for assessing inactivated vaccines; the contents of major immunogenic components are determined for subunit vaccines; in vitro or in vivo assays are utilized for nucleic acid or viral vector vaccines [7–10]. During the initial stage of recombinant vaccine, in vivo assays are used, while confirming the correlation between in vitro and in vivo assays, in vivo assays can be substituted by in vitro assays.
In vivo activity and atom pair fingerprint analysis of MMV665941 against the apicomplexan parasite Babesia microti, the causative agent of babesiosis in humans and rodents
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Ikuo Igarashi
Unfortunately, for bovine and equine Babesia infections, there are no acceptable in vivo model, rather than a laboratory model. Alternatively, a rodent Babesia model with B. microti is used for drug evaluation of antibabesial drugs, because the inhibitory effect of recently developed drugs should be evaluated in laboratory animals to determine the potential side antagonistic impact of these hits before they are implemented in the field [4]. The potency of a chemotherapeutic in vitro can be a useful preclinical indicator of its therapeutic potential in vivo [5]. Following this pattern, in the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of MMV665941 against the in vivo growth of B. microti in mice. Then, we have performed a bioinformatic analysis for this compound with the commonly used antibabesial drugs through determination the atom pair fingerprints (APfp) to calculate the structural similarity between these compounds for reaching the best possible combination therapy for future use in babesiosis treatment.
An update on cell-penetrating peptides with intracellular organelle targeting
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Carmine Pasquale Cerrato, Ülo Langel
The side effects of the majority of marketed drugs are due to mis-targeting. Synthetic or natural derived CPPs are vastly investigated as tools for the intracellular delivery of membrane-impermeable molecules. To be applied as a drug delivery vector, CPPs must have suitable physiochemical characteristics and water solubility for formulation purposes. Successful drug delivery within a cell ultimately depends on the degree of co-localization between the drug and the drug target. Some cellular compartments (i.e. cytosol) are easier than others to be targeted. The maximum potency of a drug would be obtained when the drug accumulates and concentrate only in the specific organelle of the intended target. Importantly, in this scenario it would be also minimized the potential for off-target interactions or side effects.