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Impact of Nutrition and Dietary Supplementation on Psoriasis Pathology
Published in Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Debasis Bagchi, Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, 2017
Odete Mendes, Mithila Shitut, Jayson Chen
Phytosphingosine is abundant in plants. It is known to prevent loss of moisture in the skin and regulate epidermal cell growth differentiation and apoptosis, in addition to having bactericidal and anti-inflammatory properties, and is associated with natural defenses of the body. Chronic intradermal injection of IL-23 into the ears of mice induces psoriaform dermatitis, which leads to increased ear thickness and edematous swelling and to decreased vascular permeability and epidermal cell proliferation. Phytosphingosine can decrease NF-KB, JAK/STAT, and ear swelling psoriasiform dermatitis in IL-23 injected mice. Phytosphingosine derivatives can suppress mRNA levels of Th17 cytokines, including CXCL1, CCL17, CCL 20, IL-17A, and IL-22, all of which are highly expressed in psoriasis. In addition, mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, and TNF-α, can also be suppressed (Kim et al., 2014a).
Investigation of the mechanisms of Genkwa Flos hepatotoxicity by a cell metabolomics strategy combined with serum pharmacology in HL-7702 liver cells
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Zhipeng Wang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Quanli Liu, Linjia Sun, Mingming Lv, Peipei Yu, Xiaohui Chen
Sphingolipids are essential constituents of eukaryotic cells, which not only play structural roles in cellular membranes, but also function as bioactive signaling molecules involved in the regulation of physiological metabolism in cells (Bartke & Hannun, 2009; Miao et al., 2015). With respect to sphingolipid metabolism, the roles of ceramide, sphingosine and S1P cannot be overlooked as the change of their contents determines the survival of cells to some extent. In this study, it was found that three downregulated and one upregulated biomarkers were involved in the sphingolipid metabolism pathway, including C16-dihydrosphingosine, C18-dihydrosphingosine, C20-dihydrosphingosine and C18-phytosphingosine. Increased levels of ceramide and decreased levels of S1P were detected in the cell samples. The results indicated that dihydrosphingosine is converted to sphingosine in the dehydrogenation process under the stimulation of RGF. According to the present studies, ceramide and sphingosine inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis, while S1P typically promotes cell growth and inhibits apoptosis (Czubowicz & Strosznajder, 2014). Therefore, there is the cellular balance of these three sphingolipid metabolites which is of crucial importance in determining cell fate (Van Brocklyn & Williams, 2012). The results showed that the cellular balance of these three sphingolipid metabolites in normal cell models had been destroyed under the administration of RGF. Excessive ceramide and sphingosine largely inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis, while shortage S1P cannot play a role in protecting cells from injury and apoptosis. It is in this situation that liver cells gradually suffer injury and apoptosis accompanied with increasing severity of hepatotoxicity. Thus, it is presumed that a possible mechanism of GF hepatotoxicity is the disorder of the cellular balance between ceramide, sphingosine and S1P.
Fungal sphingolipids: role in the regulation of virulence and potential as targets for future antifungal therapies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Caroline Mota Fernandes, Maurizio Del Poeta
DHS can also be hydroxylated to phytosphingosine (PHS) by sphingolipid C4 hydroxylase prior to production of phytoceramide [58]. In Aspergillus, the gene encoding the C4 hydroxylase, basA, is essential for fungal viability [64]. This suggests that inhibitors of the C4 hydroxylase might compromise fungal virulence and pathogenesis.