China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Published in Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell, Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell
Antioxidants have also been shown to protect lung function. Supplementation with 75 mg vitamin E, 15 mg b-carotene and 650 mg vitamin C provided daily for 3 months in amateur cyclists from the Netherlands was able to protect lung function against the acute effects of ozone.101 It is postulated that antioxidants can modulate the reactivity of oxidants such as ozone before they cause injury to the lung tissue. In another study, supplementation with 30 mg of lycopene for 7 days protected 55% of patients against exercise-induced asthma.102 Lycopene was supplemented between the exercise settings, which included a 7 min run on a motorized Quinton treadmill, followed by 8 min rest. Although the supplemental source of lycopene provided in this study also included small amounts of other anti-oxidant compounds (6% lycopene, 1.6% tocopherols, 1% phytoene and phytofluene, 0.25% b-carotene and other phytochemicals extracted from tomatoes), the patients showed a significant rise only in lycopene serum levels.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Major Marine Nutraceuticals
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
P Madan Kumar, R Janani, S Priya, J Naveen, V Baskaran
In comparison with all other carotenoids extracted from marine seaweeds, FUC and its metabolites exhibited greater antiproliferative potential in several cancer types (Kumar et al., 2013; Zorofchian et al., 2014; Takahashi et al., 2015). The effect of different carotenoids (phytoene, phytofluene, ξ-carotene, lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, ASX, capsanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, vioaxanthin, neoxanthin, FUC) on the growth of human prostate cancer cells (PC-3, DU 145 and LNCap) were examined. Among the carotenoids, neoxanthin and FUC exhibited a higher antiproliferative effect (Kotake-Nara et al., 2001). FUC has also been reported to suppress the growth and number of tumours in animal models (Wang et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2013). In an animal colon cancer model, brown seaweed extract containing FUC exhibited chemopreventive activity against the preneoplastic marker (Das et al., 2006). The anticancer potential of FUC was reported to interfere with various pathways involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or metastasis suppression. FUC treatment induced G0/G1- and G2/M-phase cell-cycle arrest by altering the expression of various genes including GADD45, p21, p27, cyclin D1, cyclin D2, CDK4 and survivin. The pro-apoptotic effect of FUC is well studied, and FUC-mediated apoptosis targets different molecular pathways, including Bcl-2, caspases, MAPK and NF-κB (D’Orazio et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015). FUC administration to experimental animals significantly inhibited tumor development in a xenograft colorectal cancer model (Terasaki et al., 2017). In a similar study, FUC administration significantly reduced the numbers of colorectal cancer stem cells in colonic mucosa compared to control mice (Terasaki et al., 2019).
Treatment of skin with antioxidants
Published in Roger L. McMullen, Antioxidants and the Skin, 2018
A recent review on the dietary intake of carotenoids in tomatoes was proposed as a possible strategy to combat free radical damage in skin.262 Four principle carotenoids in tomatoes are beta-carotene (3%), lycopene (100%), phytofluene (10%), and phytoene (10%)—percentages are normalized to lycopene. Various studies have demonstrated the efficacy of tomato-based foods and lycopene as nutritional supplements to protect skin and ward off damage caused by UV-induced processes. In one study, daily administration of tomato paste (10-week study) reduced UV-induced erythema.263 In another study, synthetic lycopene was compared to tomato extract alone and extract fortified with phytoene and phytofluene.264 Both extracts were more efficacious, in terms of protection against UV-induced erythema, than synthetic lycopene. It may be that phytoene and phytofluene present in the extracts could act as solar filters incorporated into skin.262 A mixture of carotenoids and other antioxidants—lycopene (3 mg/day), lutein (3 mg/day), beta-carotene (4.8 mg/day), alpha-tocopherol (10 mg/day), and selenium (75 μg/day)—taken over a period of 12 weeks led to increases in skin thickness and density (as measured by ultrasound), decreases in roughness and scaling, and no change in furrows or wrinkles.265 In a separate study, lycopene supplementation resulted in an improvement in the wrinkles and furrows in the forehead.266 Overall, some of the inherent problems of beta-carotene, discussed above, stem from high levels of accumulation in serum. Lycopene, on the hand, is reported not to over-accumulate in serum regardless of nutritional supplement quantity—a strong argument for the use of lycopene over beta-carotene.262
The Beneficial Radioprotective Effect of Tomato Seed Oil Against Gamma Radiation–Induced Damage in Male Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Magda K. Ezz, Nashwa K. Ibrahim, Mahmoud M. Said, Mostafa A. Farrag
The literature contains much evidence demonstrating the hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects of lycopene against different harmful radiations (Srinivasan et al., 2014), and the protective effect of TSO in the current study can be explained in part by the antioxidant-sparing action of lycopene, the prominent carotenoid in TSO and the most potent in vitro antioxidant among the carotenoids (Aytac et al., 2011). During singlet oxygen (1O2) quenching, energy is transferred from 1O2 to the lycopene molecule; the lycopene molecule is converted into energy-rich triplet state. The energy-rich lycopene molecule scavenges other ROS, such as hydroxyl, nitric oxide, or peroxynitrite radicals. This might be one of the antioxidant mechanisms for protecting the cells from lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, with an ultimate improvement in the integrity of tissues (Srinivasan et al., 2007). Furthermore, many components of TSO, including vitamin E (Yang et al., 2006), lycopene complex (6% lycopene, 1.5% tocopherols, 1% phytoene and phytofluene, and 0.2% β-carotene) (Dogukan et al., 2011), carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein) (Kim, 1995), and β-carotene (El-Habit et al., 2000), demonstrated protective potentials either in vitro or experimentally against exposure to radiation or chemicals in different organs.