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Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects of Terpenes, Polyphenolics, and Other Non-Flavonoid Phytochemicals
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde that is a primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Both chronic and acute oral administration of vanillin decrease immobilization of mice in the forced swim and tail suspension tests.231
Endocrine Glands
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Richard A. Peterson, Sundeep Chandra, Mark J. Hoenerhoff
Atrophy of the thyroid gland may result from direct damage due to chronic inflammation, disruption of thyroid hormone synthesis, or decreased stimulation due to a lack of TSH. For example, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis will result in atrophy of the follicular epithelium as a result of chronic damage and degeneration due to inflammation. Atrophy due to a lack of stimulation by TSH is a primary atrophy of follicular epithelial cells. A functional follicular thyroid tumor may result in significant atrophy of the contralateral gland due to excessive thyroid hormone production, with a compensatory decrease in circulating TSH levels. Alternatively, a hypothalamic or pituitary lesion that results in loss of TRH or TSH production, respectively, can lead to diffuse thyroid atrophy and hypothyroidism (Capen et al. 2002). Drugs, chemicals, or dietary imbalances that alter thyroid function and lead to low thyroid hormone levels can lead to atrophy. Atrophic changes may include low cuboidal to flattened follicular epithelial cells with loss of characteristic endocytosis of colloid. Follicular epithelial cells may be degenerate, with the presence of pyknotic or karyorrhectic cellular debris, or exfoliated cells within follicular lumens (Figure 19.2a). Idiopathic follicular atrophy occurs in several dog breeds and is characterized by loss of thyroid follicles with replacement by adipose tissue and minimal inflammation, without involvement of thyroid C-cells. Exposure to a variety of drugs, chemicals, and nutritional imbalances affects thyroid hormone synthesis and function and may result in atrophy of the thyroid gland. Injection of male rats with gossypol, a natural phenolic aldehyde produced by the cotton plant (Gossypium), results in a significant reduction of thyroid hormones and dose-related degeneration and atrophy of the thyroid gland (Rikihisa and Lin 1989).
Extraction and Optimization of Saponin and Phenolic Compounds of Fenugreek Seed
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Sweeta Akbari, Nour Hamid Abdurahman, Rosli Mohd Yunus
The identification of saponin and phenolic bioactive compounds of fenugreek seed extract were performed using LC-QTOF-MS analysis. A total of 58 and 27 saponin and phenolic compounds were identified in optimized fenugreek seed extracted via MAE in both positive and negative ion modes, respectively (Table 6.3). The obtained biologically active compounds are responsible for many activities in the human body such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties (Lidia et al., 2017). As seen in Table 6.3, the saponin components belong to steroid and terpenoid saponins. It is also seen that different types of phenolic compounds such as simple phenols, phenolic aldehydes, phenolic acids, and polyphenols were presented in the extract of fenugreek seed. Saponins such as terrestrosin, timosaponin, markogenin, protodiosgenin, yamogenin, and epi-Smilagenin and phenolic compounds such as protocatechuic, cistanoside C, campneoside, forsythoside E, have been reported to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antioxidant, hormone balancing, and antidepressant properties (B. Lee et al., 2009; Lidia et al., 2017; Wei et al., 2014). Cistanoside C is used to repair DNA damage (Sperandio et al., 2002). Figure 6.2 (a and b) shows the identified compounds of fenugreek seed through LC-QTOF-MS analysis based on retention time and observed intensity of positive and negative ion modes, respectively. It is seen in Table 6.3 that most of the saponins are observed in positive ion modes, while phenolic compounds tend to be visible in negative ion modes. This may be due to the high affinity of alkali cations in saponin compounds; therefore, most of the saponins are detected in the positive ion mode and charged hydrogen, sodium, and even potassium adducts of the molecules [+H, +Na, and +K]. Relatively, most of the phenolic compounds are detected in the negative ion mode and charged hydrogen adducts of the molecules [-H] (Bahrami et al., 2014).
Encapsulation of propolis extracts in aqueous formulations by using nanovesicles of lipid and poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid)
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Chatmani Buachi, Charothar Thammachai, Brian J. Tighe, Paul D. Topham, Robert Molloy, Patchara Punyamoonwongsa
The entrapped proportion of the ethanolic extracts may correspond to a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as phenolic aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, alkaloids, as well as polyphenols, including phenolic acids, esters and flavonoids [43,44]. Among these, flavonoids are considered to be the main active compounds of bee propolis. Flavonoid structure is generally based on the fifteen-carbon skeleton. One aromatic ring (ring A) is interconnected with another (ring B) through the heterocyclic pyran chromophore (ring C). Depending on the type of the substituent group(s) on these ring structures, flavonoids can be sub-divided into flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanonol, isoflavones and flavan-3-ols. Most of them exhibit two major UV absorption bands; Band I (320–385 nm, ring B) and Band II (250–285 nm, ring A). Unlike other flavonoids, flavanones generally display a very strong UV spectral characteristic at 270–295 nm (Band II) with a shoulder signal at around 326 nm (Band I, ring B). In the case of the di-, tri-, or o-substituted B ring, the Band II would appear as two peaks, while that of the mono-substitution, a single peak would be observed. For our propolis extracts, a very strong UV signal at 289 nm with no shoulder signal was detected (data not showed), implying that naringenin, liquiritigenin, and/or hydroxyflavanones may exist as the predominant chemical constitutes in T. terminata red propolis from Thailand. To clarify this, additional experiments based on the chromatographic technique would be carried out in the near future.
Relevant essential oil components: a minireview on increasing applications and potential toxicity
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Cristina Fuentes, Ana Fuentes, José Manuel Barat, María José Ruiz
Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a phenolic aldehyde and the main component of the extract of the bean and pod of the vanilla orchid. It is one of the most widely used flavor compounds in foods, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and personal care products (Al-Naqeb et al. 2010). In the food industry, it is often employed in processed foods as a flavoring agent, and as a sweetener in dairy, bakery, and confectionery products, and also in beverages. Vanillin is also used in aromatherapy and is an ingredient of perfumes, toothpaste, soaps, cosmetics, and other personal and household products. In the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, vanillin is involved in the manufacture of herbicides, antifoaming agents or drugs like L-dopa. Other products that may also contain vanillin include cigarettes, cattle feed or pharmaceuticals, paints, and plastics where it is used as an odor-masking agent (Cheng et al. 2007).
Chitosan-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: a review on two decades of research
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Sweet Naskar, Ketousetuo Kuotsu, Suraj Sharma
Due to low-cost production, great fixation and the formation of a thick cationic emulsion, glutaraldehyde is used as a versatile crosslinker [62,63]. From the mechanistic point, a covalent crosslinking takes place between the aldehyde groups of glutaraldehyde and the amino groups of CS, as a result, Nps formation takes place [48]. Overt toxicity and balanced drug integrity are the drawbacks of glutaraldehyde [64]. As per the report, the particle size has also been found to vary with the amount of glutaraldehyde [52]. Natural occurring α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, cinnamaldehyde is another cross-linker used to prepared CSNPs [65]. Baicalein-loaded CSNPs were successfully prepared by chemical cross-linking with cinnamaldehyde as a cross-linking agent, by cross-linking method in a W/O emulsion system [66]. Vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) is another important phenolic aldehyde is used to prepare CSNPs [67]. From the mechanistic point, chemical crosslinking takes place between the aldehyde groups of vanillin and the amino groups of CS, as a result, NPs formation take place [68].