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Transformation of Natural Products by Marine-Derived Microorganisms
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Thayane Melo de Queiroz, André Luiz Meleiro Porto
Some examples of terpenoid biotransformation that have been described in the literature will be presented below. The marine bacteria Vibrio cholerae, Listonella damsela, and Vibrio alginolyticus, isolated from sediments of Daya Bay (China), were used in the biotransformation of D-limonene. The biotransformation experiments were carried out in liquid culture medium containing peptone and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources. These experiments were incubated in an orbital shaker (120 rpm, 28°C) for 6 days. Different compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), including possible biotransformation products (Figure 5.1). Furthermore, sesquiterpenes and triterpenes were identified, which were not detected in the control experiments. Houjin and co-workers believe that the presence of D-limonene activates the biosynthetic pathways of other terpenoids (Houjin et al., 2006).
Historical perspectives of allergen immunotherapy
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
David Fitzhugh, Sheldon G. Cohen, Richard Evans
Attempts were made to duplicate the benefits of specific hyposensitization by altering, initiating, or regulating immune system functions through injections with a variety of nonspecific antigens (e.g., typhoid and mixed coliform vaccines, cow's milk, snake venom, soybean, and creation of a sterile fixation abscess with injection of turpentine) [182,183]. It was thought that repeated injections of small doses of protein-digested peptones might evoke subclinical anaphylactic mechanisms with resultant desensitization to a multiplicity of allergens [184].
Summation of Basic Endocrine Data
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
The alimentary form of CCK is released in response to the presence of certain fatty acids, but other foodstuffs are also stimuli. These include some single amino acids, proteoses, and peptones. Undigested protein is an ineffective releaser whereas phenylalanine is a potent releaser.
In vitro and molecular docking studies on a novel Brevibacillus borstelensis NOB3 bioactive compounds as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Hend A. Hamedo, Aya A. Elkashef, Mohamed A. I. Mansour, Naglaa Elshafey
The agar-well diffusion method was used to assess the Brevibacillus borstelensis NOB3 extract’s antimicrobial properties [29]. For bacterial cultures, nutrient broth was used; for fungal cultures, a broth containing 1% peptone and 2% dextrose was utilized. 75 mL of the medium was poured into petri plates to create them, and the agar was allowed to set. Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 90,274), Candida albicans (ATCC 10,221), and Mucor reinelloids were the references microorganisms obtained from Ain Shams Hospital, and they served as the test’s target pathogens. A sterile cotton swab was used to disperse a freshly made microbial inoculum (1 mL) uniformly across the entire agar surface. The extract was then put into a well that had been created with a sterile cork borer (6 mm). After one hour at room temperature, petri plates were incubated at the proper conditions depending on the organism being examined. Parallel controls were carried out where the well was filled with extract. The plates were examined for zones of inhibition, and the outcomes were compared to those of the positive control using Gentamicin (30 g/mL).
Inhibitors of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4): a review of recent patents (2013–2021)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2022
Xiangying Yu, Shanshan Li, Xiong Zhu, Yi Kong
PAR4 peptide inhibitors were designed based on human, mouse, and rat PAR4ʹs tethered ligand sequences [73]. Two PAR4 inhibitor peptides YPGKF-NH2 and APGKF-NH2 were designed according to the sequence of mouse PAR4. Then, the researchers modified the above two peptides by using trans-cinnamoyl (tc) group to produce peptidomimetic Tc-YPGKF-NH2 and Tc-APGKF-NH2(Table 2) [13]. These peptides inhibit thrombin or AYPGKF-NH2 induced platelet aggregation by binding to the N-terminal of PAR4 to avoid the cleavage of PAR4 by thrombin [23]. However, there is no research team to carry out clinical research on these peptides, because peptidomimetics do not have strong inhibitory ability on human PAR4 [74].
Antimicrobial peptides and other peptide-like therapeutics as promising candidates to combat SARS-CoV-2
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Masoumeh Sadat Mousavi Maleki, Mosayeb Rostamian, Hamid Madanchi
Peptidomimetics are more stable and more resistant to digestion than peptides. They also have more powerful drug-like properties, for example, they have higher bioavailability than natural peptides and their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier has been improved. They also show more flexibility for changes and modifications. Pharmacokinetics studies have shown that the clearance of peptidomimetics is lower than natural peptides, so they have a longer half-life in the body [135]. In this regard, due to the high similarity of human rhinoviruses 3C protease with coronaviruses 3CL protease, the question arises as to what is the inhibitory efficiency of rupintrivir, a HRV 3C protease inhibitor peptidomimetic, on SARS-CoV-2 protease? Vatansever et al. found that rupintrivir was able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virus 3CL protease with maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of approximately 67 μM. They also showed that the serum stability of rupintrivir was higher than other drugs studied [136]. We suggest that researchers pay more attention to AVPs and other peptide-like compounds, especially those discussed in this review article, for basic and clinical research in the field of COVID-19 control. Regarding the emergence need to combat COVID-19, we also recommend focusing on available FDA-approved peptide therapeutics which could be promising candidates for drug development studies and clinical trials for COVID-19.