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Introduction to dermatological treatment
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Treatment of acute rashes. Resting the skin is important in any acute or extensive skin disease. Going to bed is a helpful treatment in its own right. It is the basis for most in-patient treatments but can often be done just as well at home (by this we mean actually going to bed and not just lying down on the sofa, as the latter will not stop the patient from pottering about). Sedating antihistamines (promethazine or alimemazine) may be needed to keep the patient resting in bed. Localised acute rashes should also be rested. If the patient has an acute blistering rash on the feet, it will not get better unless he stops walking around. A patient with an acute hand eczema is unlikely to get better while continuing to do the washing up. The more acute the rash, the more bland the treatment needs to be. If in doubt, white soft paraffin is unlikely to do any harm and will keep the patient comfortable.
Gastrointestinal disease
Published in Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 2020
Liquid paraffin, castor oil and soap enemas should be avoided in pregnancy. Docusate sodium (dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate), which acts as a stimulant as well as a softening agent, is safe for use in pregnancy.
Carbohydrate Histochemistry
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Bradley A. Schulte, Russell A. Harley, Samuel S. Spicer
For most investigations, the method of choice is dehydration through graded alcohols and xylene and embedment in paraffin. Paraffin has the advantages of low cost, ease of use, excellent stability over long-term storage, and easy removal prior to staining, thus minimizing interference with staining reagents. Paraffin embedment also allows the rapid generation of large numbers of serial sections over a wide range of section thickness (2-20 μm).
Effect of drug load and lipid–wax blends on drug release and stability from spray-congealed microparticles
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Hongyi Ouyang, Soon Jun Ang, Zong Yang Lee, Tze Ning Hiew, Paul Wan Sia Heng, Lai Wah Chan
Hydrophobic carriers, in particular solid lipids, have been increasingly used to achieve taste-masking, modified-release, and increased stability of drugs. However, there are very limited studies on the use of paraffin wax in oral dosage forms, where it can potentially be used as a hydrophobic matrix material in spray congealing to modify drug release or enhance the stability of drugs. Conventionally, paraffin wax comprises a mixture of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and cyclo-alkanes that is obtained from crude oil through high-pressure hydrogenation. It is not commonly employed to develop pharmaceutical dosage forms due to reservations regarding its quality. More recently, pharmaceutical-grade paraffin wax (Ph. Eur/USP-NF) has become available as the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process is utilized to yield hydrocarbon chains from syngas (Sasol 2022). After subsequent distillation and hydrogenation, paraffin wax of a particular chain length can be produced. One major advantage is that such paraffin wax has higher chemical purity, characterized by linear molecular chains and very low iso-alkane content. This would translate into consistent and predictable properties, ideal for use in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advent of FT paraffin wax has potentially provided opportunities for its use in drug delivery systems and the interest in this wax for drug encapsulation by spray congealing. A previous study explored its ability to taste mask a bitter drug by exploiting the hydrophobic nature of the wax (Ouyang et al. 2018).
Exposure to 4-methylimidazole as a food pollutant induces neurobehavioral toxicity in mother and developmental impairments in the offspring
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Fereshteh Mehri, Ahmad Salimi, Zhaleh Jamali, Farzad Kahrizi, Mehrdad Faizi
Mice were anesthetized by ether. The tissue sections were prepared in order to investigate the microscopic variations due to toxic effect of 4-MEI. Briefly, in order to fixation of the obtained tissues, tissues were washed by physiologic serum and put them in bouin’s fixative solution for 18 h. The dehydrating stages were done by the alcohol replacement with cellular and tissues water. Then toluene is used for extracting alcohol. Paraffin was added to tissues by the way the tissues are inserted in the paraffin bath and oven. Finally, the paraffinic bands were cut with thickness of 10 micrometer by microtome (Emami et al.2013). Tissue sections were dewaxed and stained with H&E staining method that was described previously by Onishchenko et al. (Drury and Wallington 1980). The pathological abnormalities were observed under light microscopy with (×1000) magnification.
Mephedrone as a new synthetic amphetamine induces abortion, morphological alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse embryos
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ahmad Salimi, Mina Kazemnezhad, Baharak Mohammadzadeh Asl, Farzaneh Jokar, Zhaleh Jamali, Jalal Pourahmad
The half of fetuses from each litter were used for isolation mitochondria and assessment of mitochondrial toxicity parameters. Mice were anesthetized by ether or chloroform. The uterus including fetuses, placenta, brain, heart and liver was isolated. The tissue sections were prepared in order to investigate the microscopic variations due to toxic effect of mephedrone. Briefly, in order to fixation of the obtained tissues, tissues were washed by physiologic serum and put them in bouin’s fixative solution for 18 h. The dehydrating stages were done by the alcohol replacement with cellular and tissues water. Then toluene is used for extracting alcohol. Paraffin was added to tissues by the way the tissues are inserted in the paraffin bath and oven. Finally, the paraffinic bands were cut with thickness of 10 micrometer by microtome (Emami et al.2013). Then tissues were stained by the hematoxylin-eosin method and investigated by stereomicroscope for skeletal defects.