China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Regimes Based on Time-to-Event Outcomes
Published in Anastasios A. Tsiatis, Marie Davidian, Shannon T. Holloway, Eric B. Laber, Dynamic Treatment Regimes, 2019
Anastasios A. Tsiatis, Marie Davidian, Shannon T. Holloway, Eric B. Laber
Consider the case of no censoring, and define the following quantities. As in Sections 5.4 and 6.3, let pX1(x1) be the density of X1. Let
Classification of Estuaries
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
where Px1 — Px2 equals the rate of energy dissipation in the portion of the channel between cross sections X1 and X2, Uf represents the mean velocity of river discharge, ℓ is the length of the estuary, and the other symbols as above. Larger values of the stratification number (G/J) correspond to increasingly well-mixed estuaries and smaller numbers, highly stratified systems. As such, it is analogous to the inverse of the estuarine Richardson number.
Common/useful drugs
Published in Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson, Pocket Prescriber Psychiatry, 2019
Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson
Dose: Px1: 310 mg once-wkly as base (specify on prescription: do not confuse withsaltdoses); start 1 wk before arrival, continue 4 wk after leaving. Used mostly in conjunction with other drugs, depending on local resistance patterns.SPC/BNFRx2: see SPC/BNF. NB: ↓dose in RF.
Predictive value of oxidative stress biomarkers in drug-free patients with bipolar disorder
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Wassim Guidara, Meriam Messedi, Manel Naifar, Nada Charfi, Sahar Grayaa, Mohamed Maalej, Manel Maalej, Fatma Ayadi
To deal with the damage of ROS, antioxidant molecules and enzymes such as GSH-Px could be involved in the antioxidant defense activity. In our study, plasma GSH-Px activity was found to be significantly higher in BD patients than in controls. This might be explained by reduced oxidative metabolism in favor of antioxidants as a compensatory mechanism in BD. It is noteworthy that GSH-Px1, one of GSH-Px enzymes, which is considered as one of the major antioxidant enzymes in the brain. Studies have suggested that GSH-Px-1 positive microglia are involved in neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease and dementia [81]. The increase of GSH-Px could explain the decrease in plasma GSH. The GSH is non-enzymatic antioxidant that exists at high intracellular levels [82]. Also, it is an essential factor in metabolic defensive capacities, including the decrease of hydroperoxides, free radicals and the detoxification of xenobiotics [83]. These antioxidant protection effects of glutathione appear to assume a significant role in cell proliferation and apoptose through their implication of the redox signaling pathway in the cell [84]. Indeed, GSH was described to be an important regulator of redox balance and oxidative stress in patients with BD [52]. Consistent with these observations, our results showed a negative correlation between the GSH level and General PANSS, Total PANSS and MADRS scores in BD patients (Fig 2 (a+ b + c)).
Cell and molecular toxicity of lanthanum nanoparticles: are there possible risks to humans?
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Amir Mohammad Malvandi, Sara Shahba, Abbas Mohammadipour, Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-Moghaddam, Mahmoud Abudayyak
La decreases the glutathione content and increase astrocytes’ ROS level (Zhang et al. 2017). It down-regulates Nrf2 and the Nrf2-regulated genes, like HO-1, NQO1, SOD2, glutathione-s-transferase (GST), GSH-Px1, and γ-glutamine cysteine synthase (γ-GCS) in astrocytes. Through inhibiting Nrf2/ARE pathway, LaCl3 increases the astrocyte’s damage and apoptosis (Liu et al. 2014). As the end-foot of astrocytes is an essential component of the BBB, these cells are considered mainly the starting point of neurotoxicity. Additionally, LaCl3 suppresses astrocyte-neuron lactate transport (ANLT) and reduces lactate production in astrocytes (Sun et al. 2018a). Astrocyte treatment with La could decrease the glycogen level and lactate contents. Indeed, it down-regulates the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), glycogen synthase (GS), glycogen phosphorylase (GP), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and monocarboxylate transporter 1, 2 and 4 (MCT 1, 2 and 4), and conversely upregulates expression of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) (Sun et al. 2018a). The lactate derived from astrocytes has been known as the primary energy source for neurons in long-term memory (LTM) formation (Newman, Korol, and Gold 2011).
Acute stress amplifies experienced and anticipated regret in counterfactual decision-making
Published in Stress, 2021
Yin Wu, Eric van Dijk, Hong Li
To construct these models, the possible outcomes and associated probabilities were ascribed in the following notations (see Figure 2): x1 and y1 refer to the two possible outcomes of wheel 1 (W1), where x1 > y1. Similarly, x2 and y2 refer the two possible outcomes of wheel 2 (W2), with x2 > y2. p and 1-p are the respective probabilities of earning x1 and y1 and likewise q and 1-q are the respective probabilities of earning x2 and y2 (see Figure 2). Using this notation, the three decision-making parameters (e, v, and r, within-participant factor) were calculated. The parameter that maximizes expected value (EV) is denoted e and is calculated by subtracting the EV of W2 from the EV of W1. If this value is positive, then a participant seeking to maximize EV should choose W1. The EV of W1 is calculated using: [px1 + (1-p)y1]. The e parameter is thus defined as: