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Community and environment as determinants of health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Thomas Man-chi Dao, Bean S.N. Fu
Altogether, the POPs, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), can have a direct chemical toxic effect when humans consume the polluted water. PCBs and PBBs are endocrine-disrupting compounds. They can potentially affect people’s reproductive system and the newborn’s outcome, although there are still insufficient research findings to prove any causative pathology. The POPs can also enter and accumulate in the food chain, which ultimately affects human beings when various types of seafood are consumed, especially when people ingested bivalves and small fish as a whole, microplastics and POPs can be easily absorbed because they are concentrated in the guts of marine organisms.
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The organochlorine insecticides include DDT and a number other compounds (see Table 107.2). From the 1940s to the 1970–1980s, these organochlorine compounds enjoyed wide use in agriculture, structured insect control, and malaria control programs, as they were very effective insecticides with rather low acute mammalian toxicity. However, primarily because of ecological considerations, they have been banned in most countries in the past 30 years. They are briefly discussed here since, because of their environmental persistence and high lipophilicity, exposure to these compounds continues, most notably through the diet.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DTT), and methoxychlor are organochlorines. PCBs are widely used as dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper, and in heat transfer fluids. There are over 200 PCB congeners. PCP is an organochlorine compound used as a pesticide and a disinfectant. TCDD is formed as a side product in organic synthesis and burning of organic materials. These chemicals may have a common mechanism of actions via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR).
Increasing importance of breast cancer in Nepal
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Ajnish Ghimire, Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Naveed Ahmed Khan
The use of pesticides in agriculture and arsenic in water may contribute to the increasing incidence of cancer in Nepal. The use of pesticides by Nepali farmers is increasing rapidly as the farming industry is heading toward commercialization [12]. The alteration in the activity of enzymes, hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters by organochlorine in pesticides contribute to the occurring of breast, prostate, stomach and lung cancer [70]. Organochlorine insecticides such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), aldrin and dieldrin are among the most widely used pesticides in developing countries of Asia [70]. In the Hariban municipality of Sarlahi district in Nepal, water samples taken from tube-wells showed 0.63 mg of arsenic per liter of water. With only a population of 1500 in the area, worryingly 30 people have died from various types of cancer in just 3 years [71]. With the rampant use of herbicides and insecticides, arsenic contamination in the groundwater may have contributed to the incidence of cancer in the Sarlahi district [71]. Hence, future studies need to be conducted on the implications of pesticide use on human health [19] (Sharma et al., 2012) and potential contribution to cancer in Nepal, in order to increase awareness of the population and develop protective and preventative measures from pesticide exposure.
Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for detailed analysis of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Andreas F. Lehner, Lauren Stensen, Alan Zimmerman, Adam Bush, John Buchweitz
Organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and its derivatives (4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [4,4′-DDD] and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [4,4′-DDE]), lindane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are of particular concern due to their highly bioaccumulative properties and toxicities (Chopra, et al 2011). These chemicals persist in nature, biomagnify in the food web, and impose toxic effects in marine and other organisms (El-Shahawi et al. 2010). The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has issued recommendations aimed at restricting and eliminating highly dangerous, long-lasting chemicals, and of 21 listed chemicals, 14 are chlorinated pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane and its alpha- and beta-isomers, mirex, pentachlorobenzene and toxaphene), with the remainder including PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS-F) (Stockholm Convention Factsheet 2011).
Dairy Consumption and Risk of Testicular Cancer: A Systematic Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Virginia Signal, Stephanie Huang, Diana Sarfati, James Stanley, Katherine A. McGlynn, Jason K. Gurney
There are multiple avenues by which dairy consumption has been purported to cause TC, one of which is consumption of organochlorine (OC) compounds through dairy consumption. Dairy products are an important source of human exposure to OC (30–34). Historically, organochlorine compounds were widely used in pesticides until they were banned in many countries in the 1970s and 1980s, yet they can persist in the environment. Organochlorine compounds act as endocrine disrupting chemicals and interfere with normal hormonal functioning, although the exact process of this remains unknown. Interestingly, the studies by Giaandrea et al. (28) and Paoli et al. (29) both observed increased serum levels of organochlorine compounds among cases when compared to controls; however, this does not mean necessarily that these compounds were derived from dairy consumption.