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Role of Environmental Toxicants and Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Biddut Deb Nath, Dipti Debnath, Rokeya Pervin, Md. Akil Hossain
Organochlorine are chlorinated hydrocarbons commonly utilized as pesticides in cultivation and mosquito prevention since the 1940s, which have been prohibited in the United States because they were linked with PD158 and were accused of being neuronal toxic agents.7 Specifically, two chemicals, β hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dieldrin, were associated with PD.159 These are hydrophobic substances that can be readily absorbed by the skin, are preserved for prolonged periods of time in fatty tissues, and penetrate through the BBB. Dieldrin is believed to lead to cell damage in SN by adversely affecting mitochondrial action and causing oxidative stress by ROS when intake is fairly excessive, although such impacts are poor compared to rotenone, which needs very small quantities to induce these results.160,161 Nonetheless, at small nanomolar concentrations, an in-vitro analysis showed that HCH and dieldrin impair calcium homeostasis in dopaminergic cells, indicating that subsequent in-vivo research should be undertaken.162 A case-control analysis evaluating blood samples for five organochlorine pesticides showed that only dieldrin was correlated with a greater chance of PD.163 Autopsy analysis of human brains have reported a greater density of organochlorine compounds in PD brains, especially in striatum, relative to brains of patients without PD,164 whereas other autopsy tests suggest that organochlorine quantities were not substantially related to LB.165
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Other environmental chemicals have an adverse effect on cancer risk because of their estrogenic properties, either because they have a chemical structure similar to estrogen or because they affect the sex hormone activity in an indirect pathway. The most common group of chemicals are the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorines, found in sources that include pesticides, herbicides, car pollution, fuels, drugs, and even polycarbonate plastic baby bottles and food containers. It is difficult to prove harm in humans with normal day to day use, but chronic occupational exposure to organic solvents is associated with elevated breast cancer risks. Laboratory studies have also demonstrated that estrogenic pollutants given in higher quantities to laboratory mice induce and promote mammary cancers. A further study showed that rats developed a thickened uterus and endometriosis after being fed food that contained dioxin, a xenoestrogen, especially during the developmental stages.
Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Goitre
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Neil Sharma, Kristien Boelaert
Organochlorides present in solvents and pesticides have become less prevalent as most of these are now banned. They have, if any, only a mild goitrogenic effect and this should decline as their use tails off.24
Nutrigenomics in Parkinson’s disease: diversity of modulatory actions of polyphenols on epigenetic effects induced by toxins
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Moara Rodrigues-Costa, Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema-Santos, Lílian Vanessa da Penha Gonçalves, Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
Dieldrin is a synthetic insecticide (1R,2S,3S,6R,7R,8S,9S,11R)-3,4,5,6,13,13-hexachloro-10-oxapentacyclo[6.3.1.13,6.02,7.09,11]tridec-4-ene, originally produced in 1948 and has been extensively used for agricultural practices. Several studies have shown that exposure to this organochlorine pesticide is associated with an increased risk of PD.37 Its neurotoxic effects in dopaminergic cell lineage N27 has also been related to histones H3 and H4 hyperacetylation. This effect has been described as due to proteasomal dysfunction, provoking accumulation of histone acetyltransferase (HATs). An in vivo study has also demonstrated histone hyperacetylation in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice submitted to chronic exposure of dieldrin.63 Recent evidence in rodents also suggests that dieldrin exposure during early brain development induces distinct effects on the male and female epigenome, which may mediate sensitivity to the development of late-life PD.64
Bioanalytical strategies in drug discovery and development
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Aarzoo Thakur, Zhiyuan Tan, Tsubasa Kameyama, Eman El-Khateeb, Shakti Nagpal, Stephanie Malone, Rohitash Jamwal, Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo
LLE provides a more robust clean-up than PPT. The selection of extraction solvent depends on a variety of factors, such as solubility, selectivity, chemical reactivity, and pH. The extraction solvent that works best for small molecules does not always work best for large molecules. Solvents used for peptides and proteins include chloroform, methyl-tert-butyl ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, and acetone. Solvents used for organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls include hexane, heptane, and petrol ether (Vyviurska and Špánik 2014). Proteins and nucleic acids have historically used phenol-chloroform for LLE (Thermo Scientific 2016). Challenges with this method include time-consuming sample preparation, large reagent volume needed, and the need to perform work in a chemical hood due to the hazardous nature of solvents being used.
Dairy Consumption and Risk of Testicular Cancer: A Systematic Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Virginia Signal, Stephanie Huang, Diana Sarfati, James Stanley, Katherine A. McGlynn, Jason K. Gurney
There are multiple avenues by which dairy consumption has been purported to cause TC, one of which is consumption of organochlorine (OC) compounds through dairy consumption. Dairy products are an important source of human exposure to OC (30–34). Historically, organochlorine compounds were widely used in pesticides until they were banned in many countries in the 1970s and 1980s, yet they can persist in the environment. Organochlorine compounds act as endocrine disrupting chemicals and interfere with normal hormonal functioning, although the exact process of this remains unknown. Interestingly, the studies by Giaandrea et al. (28) and Paoli et al. (29) both observed increased serum levels of organochlorine compounds among cases when compared to controls; however, this does not mean necessarily that these compounds were derived from dairy consumption.