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Wastewater Phycoremediation by Microalgae for Sustainable Bioproduct Production
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Najeeha Mohd. Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Amir Hashim Mohd. Kassim
The assimilation of nitrogen is an essential constituent of biological substances when inorganic nitrogen such as nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) are converted into organic nitrogen across the cell membrane. Oxidized nitrogen subsequently reduces NO3−, followed by the incorporation of NH4− and assimilation into amino acids for the formation of protein (Apandi et al. 2018b). The biological reduction of nitrogen via glutamine and glutamate synthase within the intracellular fluid is shown in Figure 1.2.
Glutamate Sensing in Plants
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Jesús Salvador López-Bucio, Homero Reyes de la Cruz, A. Arturo Guevara-García
Plant nutrition has important implications for plant development. The adequate acquisition of nutrients determines plant fitness and productivity; thus, the competence of plants to respond to nutrient availability is critical for their adaptation to the environment (López-Bucio et al., 2003). The soil organic nitrogen sources are very important to the plant nutrition so that several researches have been focused to study the role of recycling organic compounds, specifically amino acids, during the growth of plants (Abuarghub and Read, 1988; Dinkeloo et al., 2017; Jones and Darrah, 1994; Kielland, 1994; Näsholm et al., 2009). It has been found that Glu is one of the most represented amino acids in soil with a concentration ranging between 1 and 10 µg per gram of dry soil, although, under certain conditions these concentrations tend to increase, for example, after decomposition of dead organisms (Abuarghub and Read, 1988). Additionally, some soil microorganisms produce biofilms composed of amino acid polymers, such as poly-glutamic acid, which enriches Glu content of soil (Kubota et al., 1996; Richard and Margaritis, 2006; Zhang et al., 2017).
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Published in Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell, Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell
Proteins are complex organic nitrogen-containing compounds. Most proteins consist of 20-22 a-amino acids in peptide linkages. Each protein has a unique shape and function determined by genetically embedded amino acid sequences. Proteins are important in cellular structure, enzymes, transport and storage, antibodies, blood clotting factors, visual pigments, hormones and some neurotransmitters. Protein stores can be utilized as an energy source if necessary.
Characterization and neuroprotective properties of alkaloid extract of Vernonia amygdalina Delile in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ganiyu Oboh, Bukola Christiana Adedayo, Mayowa Blessing Adetola, Idowu Sunday Oyeleye, Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi
Leafy vegetables are a significant food with numerous health benefit, reported to be rich in alkaloid – a heterocyclic organic nitrogen-containing ring, with known biological and neuropharmacological properties (Cushnie et al. 2014, Oboh et al. 2016b, Adefegha et al. 2017, Oboh et al. 2018b, 2019). Vernonia amygdalina Del. is a small shrub generally called bitter leaf (BL) because of its severe bitter taste. Its leaf is reported to be rich in polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, among others (Nwanjo 2005, Ayoola et al. 2008, Ademosun et al. 2017). The macerated leaves and the water extract are utilized in many cuisines and as a tonic drink for the prevention of diseases, such as diabetes and related metabolic diseases (Leonard et al. 2001, Farombi 2003, Izevbigie et al. 2008, Adaramoye et al.2008). However, no report on the potential effect of BLAE, regarding the management of human ailments including neuronal disorder. In this regard, this study emphasized on the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective properties of BLAE, using a transgenic fruit fly model and scopolamine-induced amnesia rats.
Optimization of Myrothecium roridum tode: fries phytotoxin production and bioactivity on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Wahab Oluwanisola Okunowo, Akinniyi Adediran Osuntoki, Adedotun Adeyinka Adekunle, George Olabode Gbenle, Hamed K. Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier
The largest necrotic lesion on water hyacinth leaves was observed with medium containing glutamine as a nitrogen source, which caused a lesion about twice the size of the least effective nitrogen sources in the media, yeast extract and sodium nitrate, the normal nitrogen source in ZDB (Figure 4). The maximum phytotoxin production obtained with glutamine was not significantly different from that obtained with sodium glutamate, urea or ammonium nitrate (p > 0.05), but it was significantly greater than that obtained with sodium nitrate or yeast extract (p < 0.001). Phytotoxin concentration obtained from the second best nitrogen source, sodium glutamate, was significantly greater than that obtained with sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride or yeast extract (p < 0.001). This result suggests that an organic nitrogen source is preferred by M. roridum for phytotoxin production, although yeast extract supported the least phytotoxin production. Yeast extract was also reported to be a poor phytotoxin inducer in Bipolaris euphorbiae (Barbosa et al.2002).
Traditional Ayurvedic and herbal remedies for Alzheimer’s disease: from bench to bedside
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Rohit Sharma, Kamil Kuca, Eugenie Nepovimova, Atul Kabra, MM Rao, PK Prajapati
Researchers have found potential efficacy of plant-derived alkaloids in AD. Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic nitrogen-containing compounds that are found primarily in botanicals [82]. They have a wide range of pharmacological applications because of their multifaceted effects. Current and potential applications of plant alkaloids for AD treatment are stipulated in Table 3. Selected potential candidate alkaloids possess several targeted action mechanisms to affect the pathways in AD pathogenesis. As most natural compounds including alkaloids have multiple targets, strategies such as combined treatments, and the development of synthetic heterodimers by linking different functional motifs with different targets [83,84] may help improve the potency of existing drugs and aid the development of new classes of drugs. FDA-approved and other effective phytocompounds or alkaloids against AD are detailed in Tables 3 [85–91] and 4 [92–106], respectively. Though several extracts have been prepared from herbs, efforts to understand their bioactivities are still underway, therefore further well-planned and comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, and safety investigations are warranted to ascertain and validate the biological roles to reach better conclusions.