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Lipids Of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
A. S. Ibrahim, H. Sanati, M. A. Ghannoum
Cryptococcal lipids have not been investigated in detail. However, few studies that have investigated the lipid composition of C. neoformans seem to agree on the unique lipid composition of this yeast which is manifested by the presence of almost 88% of the total lipids as non-polar lipids. Furthermore, the presence of high levels of obtusifoliol as compared to ergosterol, the major sterol of other fungi, is supportive of the distinct lipid composition, the significance of which in the overall physiology of C. neoformans is not known. Whether this could have an effect on the organism’s antifungal susceptibility and resistance pattern also needs to be addressed. More studies should be directed towards investigating the effect of non-polar lipids on the transport of compounds across the cell membrane and trying to understand the role of lipid classes in the virulence of this medically important yeast.
Design, synthesis and in vitro biological studies of novel triazoles with potent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Junhe Bao, Yumeng Hao, Tingjunhong Ni, Ruina Wang, Jiacun Liu, Xiaochen Chi, Ting Wang, Shichong Yu, Yongsheng Jin, Lan Yan, Xiaomei Li, Dazhi Zhang, Fei Xie
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to examine the composition of sterols in fungal cells as a preliminary method to verify whether our target compounds inhibit Cyp5115. Therefore, compounds A1, A3, A9 and FCZ at 8 µg/mL were used to treat C. albicans SC5314, and their sterol profiles were analysed as shown in Figure 4. As the major fungal sterol, ergosterol accounted for 89.85% of the total sterols in the control group, zymosterol accounted for 8.80%, in addition to several other sterols. When treated with either FCZ, A1, A3, or A9 the ergosterol content of the fungal cells decreased to 6.08%, 5.44%, 5.63% and 5.17%, respectively. In contrast, the content of other sterols in the bypass pathway increased. For instance, treatment with A1 resulted in the following: the proportion of lanosterol, 14α-methylfecosterol, eburicol and obtusifoliol increased to 23.42%, 31.11%, 19.29% and 20.09%, respectively. Our target compounds had a consistent effect and the same mechanism of action as FCZ by inhibiting the production of ergosterol on Cyp51.
Ameliorative effects of hexane extract of Garcinia kola seeds Heckel (Clusiaceae) in cisplatin-induced hepatorenal toxicity in mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Adeniyi Folayan, Emmanuel Akani, Olayinka A. Adebayo, Olubukola O. Akanni, Solomon E. Owumi, Abiola S. Tijani, Oluwatosin A. Adaramoye
Figure 1 showed that the LC50 of hexane extract of Garcinia kola seed (HEGK) determined by brine shrimp bioassay was 1023 µg/mL. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of nine bioactive components (Table 1 and Figure 2(a)), namely; 9,19-Cyclolanost-3-ol, 24-methylene (3β), Tirucallol, 9, 19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (3β), Lupeol, β –Amyrin, Lanost-7-en-3-one, (9β, 13α, 14β, 17α), (R)– 2,8- Dimethyl −2((3E, 7E) −4,8,12- trimethyltrideca- 3,7,11-trien-1-γ) chroman −6-ol, 9,19-Cycloergost-24(28)-en-3-ol and Obtusifoliol. The most abundant component in HEGK is 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol with an area of 32.6%. The HEGK significantly (p < 0.05) scavenged DPPH and inhibited Fe2+/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation (Tables 3 and 4) in a concentration-dependent fashion relative to catechin and quercetin as standards. The extract also showed a concentration-dependent increase in the ferric ion, reducing potential (Table 5).
A review on garcinia kola heckel: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Okezie Emmanuel, Miracle E. Uche, Emmanuel D. Dike, Lotanna R. Etumnu, Ositadinma C. Ugbogu, Eziuche A. Ugbogu
Seanego and Ndip (2012) evaluated three designated fractions (CEF 3 (F3), CEF 11 (F11), and CEF 12 (F12) of G. kola seed extract using GC-MS. Results of the analysis depicted high concentrations of linoleic acid, hexadecenoic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid in CEF 3 (F3) amidst the 10 identified chemical constituents of the fraction. Several peaks were identified in F11, although 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid was observed to be the most abundant in the fraction. Compounds; 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl ester, 1-butanol, and 9-octadecenamide were the major constituents in F12 fraction amidst the 13 identified compounds. Also, smaller quantities of 3,4,8-trimethyl-2-nonenal, hexadecanamide, and n-tetradecanoic acid amide were identified in the seeds of the plant extract. Studies by Folayan et al. (2020) indicated the presence of nine bioactive constituents in the seed extract of the plant, which includes 9,19-cyclolanost-3-ol, 24-methylene (3 b), tirucallol, 9, 19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (3 b), lupeol, β-amyrin, lanost-7-en-3-one, (9 b, 13a, 14 b, 17a), (R)– 2,8- dimethyl _2((3E, 7E)_4,8,12- trimethyltrideca- 3,7,11-trien-1-c) chroman _6-ol, 9,19-cycloergost-24(28)-en-3-ol and obtusifoliol. Konziase (2015) extracted three pure biflavanones (GB-1a, GB-1, and GB-2) using a bioassay-guided fractionation of 70% ethanol extract of G. kola seeds. Based on a direct comparison of their NMR (1H and 13 C) and mass spectral data with the chemical profile of standard compounds in scientific literature, the chemical structures of these compounds were characterised and elucidated.