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Ferrihemoglobin in Normal Blood
Published in Manfred Kiese, Methemoglobinemia: A Comprehensive Treatise, 2019
The acceleration of ferrihemoglobin reduction by dyes is not in any case limited by the rate of electron transport in the cell containing the ferrihemoglobin. Addition of normal red cells to ferrihemoglobin-containing cells was found to enhance the effect of the dye on ferrihemoglobin reduction.271,349,350 Dye reduced in the normal cells seems to pass into the ferrihemoglobin-containing cells and to reduce ferrihemoglobin there. By this mechanism the catalytic effect of methylene blue in G-6-PD-deficient cells may be enhanced. Beutler and Baluda271 missed the supporting effect of normal red cells when methylene blue had been replaced by Nile blue sulfate, which in normal red cells catalyzes the ferrihemoglobin reduction as strongly as methylene blue.260 Cooperation of cells of other tissues in the dye-catalyzed reduction of ferrihemoglobin has been demonstrated by Faulhaber and Spinner.351,352 Passage of human red cells with 10−4M methylene blue through an isolated rat liver substantially increased the rate of ferrihemoglobin reduction.
Prenatal Development of the Facial Skeleton
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
Despite this accumulating knowledge, the involvement of the neural crest in jaw development was not generally appreciated. Thus, from a study of embryonic chick jaw expiants cultivated in vitro, Jacobson and Fell (1941), on the subject of the mesenchymal condensations that precede bone formation, wrote (page 564), “The cells might not originate at the site of the condensation at all; they might arise elsewhere, in some restricted area of proliferation, then migrate to the site of the future condensation and there accumulate, multiply and differentiate.” And again, on page 580, “... the three types of mesenchyme cells in the mandible — myogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic — are independent in origin, distinct in time of appearance, and already determined while being formed.” To their credit it is important to recognize that it was impossible in most cases to distinguish neural crest cells from other cell types until the 1950s. Experimental methodology used at that time to trace their migratory pathways, exclusively in invertebrates, included marking crest cells with vital dyes, such as Nile blue and neutral red; transplanting them to other sites in the body to see what crest cells gave rise to in the new environment; neural crest excision to study resulting deficiencies; and exchanging them with crest cells from other species with different nuclear morphology (Hörstadius, 1950).
Potential of Syzygium cumini for Biocontrol and Phytoremediation
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
S. K. Tewari, R. C. Nainwal, Devendra Singh
Recent studies have revealed that S. cumini seed extract can be used as carbon source of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates synthesized by various bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds and accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of cells. PHA-producing bacteria from soil were isolated, characterized, and screened by the Nile blue staining method. Screened organisms were subjected to fermentation with glucose as a carbon source and a low-cost raw material like jambul seed (S. cumini). The strain SPY-1 showed a higher amount of PHA accumulation than the other strains and was comparable with that of the reference strain Ralstonia eutropha (Preethi et al. 2012). Jeyaseelan et al. (2013) also used S. cumini seed as a carbon source for the production of PHA from soil microbial isolates. The efficiency of selected isolates for PHA production utilizing the hydrolyzed substrate as a carbon source was compared with that of R. eutropha (reference strain) using the same production medium. Jamun seed accumulated PHA 42.2% as a sole carbon source in comparison with the best isolate SPY-1 and R. eutropha, which were able to accumulate 26.76% and 28.97%, respectively, of their dry cell weight.
An overview of proteomic methods for the study of ‘cytokine storms’
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Paul David, Frederik J. Hansen, Adil Bhat, Georg F. Weber
Biosensors are a promising system that requires a small sample volume (1 µL) and displays a vast dynamic range for quantification. There are three potential biosensors for monitoring the COVID-19 cytokine storm. (1) Plasmonic nanosensors: it has been stated that plasmonic nanosensor arrays can measure six cytokines together (IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) [84]. This provides information about the cytokine binding to antibodies in real time, which is more descriptive than usual end-point ELISA [85]. (2) Electrochemical multisensor – this system consists of 32 individually addressable electrodes, each one multiplexed with an 8-port multiple to grant 256 dimensions within a hour [86]. The assay for IL-6 with these systems reported a broad dynamic range between 0.1 and 104pg/ml. Multiplexed cytokine detection with electrochemical biosensors has been developed using graphene oxide to construct nanoprobes [87]. This multiplexed measurement is accomplished by antibodies bound to three different signal reporters nile blue, methyl blue, and ferrocene. (3) Mobile immunosensors – this system is mainly designed to monitor the IL-6 level in real time. The instruments consist of a paper immunosensor for calorithmic measurement using gold nanoprobes. This biosensor is rapid and detects deviations in IL-6 level in just 18 min [88]. For monitoring the cytokine storm in severe and critically ill cases, the device should encompass all the characteristics of current biosensors [85].
Design and evaluation of novel topical formulation with olive oil as natural functional active
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Ana Henriques Mota, Catarina Oliveira Silva, Marisa Nicolai, André Baby, Lídia Palma, Patrícia Rijo, Lia Ascensão, Catarina Pinto Reis
To the naked eye, the freshly prepared alginate beads were spheroid in shape and translucent (Figure 2). After encapsulating the olive oil, the beads’ color turned to yellow (Figure 2). This change was observed also in previous studies conducted by Rijo et al. (2014). SEM and stereoscopic observations confirmed the sphericity of the beads and showed that these particles did not have a smooth surface. In general, the unloaded beads had rough surfaces, presenting a wrinkling/fibrillary texture, while the olive oil-loaded beads exhibited crimpy surfaces with swellings [Figure 3(A–D)]. In light microscopy, those surfaces corresponded to the areas where the encapsulated oil was stored (Figure 4 A, E, I, M). Similar findings were obtained when the beads were double stained with Nile blue A and Calcofluor white, respectively considered as suitable fluorescent markers for neutral lipids (especially triacylglycerols) and for polysaccharides with numerous –COOH groups. Ca-alginate beads became blue and intensely fluorescent under UV light. Inside the olive oil beads, the entrapped lipids were clearly visualized as droplets of various sizes, which emitted a red secondary fluorescence, when stained with Nile blue and observed under green light (Figure 4). Unloaded beads (control) subjected to identical staining only exhibited a blue fluorescence under UV light and did not showed any lipid droplets under green light [Figure 4 (N–P)].
Prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Thai blood donors, the characteristics of G6PD deficient blood, and the efficacy of fluorescent spot test to screen for G6PD deficiency in a hospital blood bank setting
Published in Hematology, 2022
Phinyada Rojphoung, Thongbai Rungroung, Usanee Siriboonrit, Sasijit Vejbaesya, Parichart Permpikul, Janejira Kittivorapart
Five ml of citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA) blood was tested via oxidization with sodium nitrite, which changes oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin (MetHb). Nile blue and glucose were then added to the reaction. In a normal individual, NADPH in the blood transforms MetHb to oxyhemoglobin. The proportion of MetHb to total Hb was measured using a spectrophotometer at optical densities (OD) of 540 and 630 nm, respectively. The difference in the OD reflects the severity of G6PD enzyme deficiency, as follows: 0-5% normal, 10-25% heterozygote, and >25% homozygous deficiency.