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Optimizing Medication Use through Health Information Technology
Published in Salvatore Volpe, Health Informatics, 2022
Troy Trygstad, Mary Ann Kliethermes, Anne L. Burns, Mary Roth McClurg, Marie Smith, John Easter
As the cost of medications grew, so did the generic manufacturing industry. This resulted in many tens of thousands of different drug products becoming available in the marketplace, with each product being assigned a National Drug Code (NDC), each having ten digits in three segments. The first section consisting of four or five digits identifies the labeler (manufacturer, repackager or distributor); the second section of three or four digits identifies the drug, strength and form (e.g. atorvastatin 10 mg tablet); and the third section of one or two digits identifies the package size (e.g. 100 count in a bottle).
Emerging Topics
Published in Demissie Alemayehu, Birol Emir, Michael Gaffney, Interface between Regulation and Statistics in Drug Development, 2020
Demissie Alemayehu, Birol Emir, Michael Gaffney
In addition to the methodological issues discussed above, effective use of data from observational studies requires addressing important operational challenges. Since healthcare data may come from different sources, including electronic health records (EHRs) and claims databases, they typically require special provisions for data storage, computing environment, data standards, and protection of privacy and confidentiality (Alemayehu and Mardekian 2011). Depending on the sources, different nomenclatures, coding conventions, and units are often used for medical terms. Since data collection is not performed for the purpose of research, data entry errors are common, often leading to such issues as miss-classification, missing values, and outliers. In addition, most of the available data may be unstructured. As a result, concerted efforts are required by various stakeholders to establish a framework for the harmonization of healthcare data. Recent activities in this regard include increased use of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) to code and classify diagnoses from inpatient and outpatient records. The National Drug Code (NDC) scheme, which is maintained by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is another tool for coding prescription drugs and insulin products. In addition, some initiatives are underway in the US to harmonize data collection across states (Porter et al. 2015).
Pharmacy Informatics and Automation
Published in William N. Kelly, Pharmacy, 2018
Improved accuracy: Unless there is a human programming or intervention error, computers are flawless at computing and processing information. This is needed in the medication process to remove errors. When set up properly, computer-driven automated processes should substantially reduce medication errors. The FDA requirement that all medications were to be barcoded with the national drug code by 2004 (effective 2006) has resulted in virtually all medications being labeled with their national drug code (NDC) in a barcode which permits barcode scanning to ensure that the correct medication was selected during dispensing and during administration.31,32
Associations between preoperative depression and opioid use after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and concomitant procedures
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2021
Matthew J. Best, Andrew B. Harris, Jessica M. Mohler, John H. Wilckens
Prescription drug claims are assigned to therapeutic classes in the MarketScan database. Using the therapeutic class ‘opioid agonists/partial agonists,’ we identified outpatient pharmaceutical claims for opioid medications. We identified individual drugs, formulations, and dosages using National Drug Codes as assigned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which is a method that has been used widely and recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [11–13]. Patients were classified as taking opioids preoperatively if they had filled ≥1 opioid prescriptions without more than a 30-day lapse before surgery. Opioid prescriptions filled from 7 days before to 7 days after the index surgery were classified as postoperative prescriptions [14,15]. We excluded patients who had opioid prescriptions with quantities above the 99th or below the 1st percentile because these quantities were attributed to errors in data entry.
Compliance with clinical guidelines and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among patients living with HIV
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Neeta Tandon, Jianbin Mao, Adam Shprecher, Amy J. Anderson, Feng Cao, Xiaolong Jiao, Kimberley Brown
This was a retrospective observational study using administrative claims data from the Optum Research Database and Impact National Benchmark Database. These databases include medical and pharmacy claims with linked enrollment information for commercial and Medicare Advantage health plan members, and are geographically diverse across the US. Medical claims included diagnosis and procedure codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM); Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) or Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes; and other information. Outpatient pharmacy claims included National Drug Codes (NDC) for dispensed medications, quantity dispensed, dose, and number of days’ supply. Because no identifiable protected health information was extracted or accessed during the course of the study, institutional review board approval or waiver of authorization was not required.
Healthcare resource utilization and costs among psoriasis patients treated with biologics, overall and by disease severity
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2018
Mwangi J. Murage, Amanda Anderson, Susan A. Oliveria, Deborah Casso, Clement K. Ojeh, Talia M. Muram, Joseph F. Merola, Andre B. Araujo
Patients were classified into disease severity cohorts based on their first recorded severity measure in the MMDS EHR during the follow-up period using a hierarchical methodology of available measures of PGA, BSA, or PtGA. Mild disease severity was defined as PGA 0–2; if no PGA available, BSA <3%; if no PGA and no BSA available, PtGA 0–2. Moderate disease severity was defined as PGA 3; if no PGA available, BSA 3–10%; if no PGA and no BSA available, PtGA 3. Severe disease severity was defined as PGA 4–5; if no PGA available, BSA >10%; if no PGA and no BSA available, PtGA 4–5. Prescription medications were identified using National Drug Codes (NDC) and the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS). Phototherapy was identified via HCPCS or the American Medical Association’s Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes.