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Stimulants and mental health
Published in David B Cooper, Practice in Mental Health—Substance Use, 2018
Richard Orr McLeod, Philip D Cooper
Naphyrone (NRG-1), although not a cathinone, is structurally very similar to mephedrone and is thought to have effects similar to cocaine, although the potency is approximately 10 times greater than cocaine.4 As with mephedrone, it usually comes in powder form and is swallowed. However, due to the potency, caution is required as only very small doses are needed to achieve the desired effects. In the UK, naphyrone and its related analogues were brought under the control of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 as a Class B drug in July 2010.
Marvin the Paranoid Android and Alice in Wonderland
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Pierluigi Simonato, Attilio Negri, Marco Solmi, Rita Santacroce
The most important change in this scenario happened in 2005, when the diffusion of cathinone derivatives as NPS via online drug markets exploded. The first substituted cathinone, methylone, was reported to the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drugs Addiction (EMCDDA), shortly followed by warnings for 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) (EMCDDA, 2007). Since then, a wide number of variously substituted synthetic cathinones has flooded the market, e.g., naphyrone, 3,4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), and α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (alpha-PVP) (UNODC, 2013). As new compounds hit the streets in rapid succession, posing significant risks for users, and scientific literature began to report their pharmacological prophile (Schifano et al., 2011; Coppola & Mondola, 2012; Dunne, Jaffar, & Hashmi, 2015; Germanm, Fleckenstein, & Hanson, 2014), regulation amendments have been slow to follow. In recent years, 118 new SC were detected, including 14 reported for the first time in 2016 (EMCDDA, 2017b). According to EMCDDA, the five most commonly seized cathinones in 2015 were alpha-PVP, 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), ethylone, 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC) and pentedrone; some of these, such as 3-MMC, were not under international control at the time of the seizures. As new analogues (formally legal to possess until a proper ban by drug authorities takes place) are synthetized in low-cost laboratories and then marketed (Archer et al., 2014), the governments of several countries faced the need for new strategies of control. Cathinone and methcatinone are listed in Schedule I of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, while amfepramone and pyrovalerone are listed in Schedule IV. In Europe, the legal framework for the control of new psychoactive substances dates back to 2005 and is currently under revision, in order to establish more effective policies and limit the harms related to synthetic cathinones. At a national level, many countries in Europe responded by using consumer safety legislation and subsequently extending or adapting existing drug laws to incorporate NPS, as was done for mephedrone in the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, France, Italy, Lithuania, Romania, Sweden, Croatia, and Norway (EMCDDA, 2018; Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, 2010).
Underreporting of drug use among electronic dance music party attendees
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Joseph J. Palamar, Alberto Salomone, Katherine M. Keyes
Specimens were tested via published methods using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry [41–43]. We tested for common drugs including cannabis (THC), amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, ketamine, PCP, heroin (6-MAM), and prescription opioids including morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphine, and oxymorphone. We also tested for a variety of uncommon drugs and NPS including 19 synthetic cathinones (i.e. mephedrone, 4-MEC, methylone, 3,4-MDPV, pentedrone, 3-MMC, ethylcathinone, alpha-PVP, butylone, buphedrone, mexedrone, amfepramone, pentylone, methedrone, ethylone, naphyrone, 4-F-methylcathinone, 3,4-DMMC, alpha-PHiP) and 7 psychedelic phenethylamines (i.e. 2 C-B, 2 C-P, 25B-NBOMe, 25 C-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 4-EA-NBOMe). We also tested for 5 other euphoric stimulants (i.e. 4-FA, 5/6-APB, 5-MAPB, PMA, PMMA) and 3 dissociative NPS (i.e. MXE, 4-MeO-PCP, diphenidine). In addition, we tested for fentanyl, 8 fentanyl analogs (i.e. carfentanyl, acetylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, butyrfentanyl, acryloylfentanil, 4-fluorofentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, ocfentanyl), and for 5 other opioid NPS (i.e. U-47,700, U-49900, AH-7921, MT-45, U-51,754).
Synthetic cannabinoid “Black Mamba” infidelity in patients presenting for emergency stabilization in Colorado: a P SCAN Cohort
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Nicklaus Brandehoff, Axel Adams, Kyle McDaniel, Samuel D. Banister, Roy Gerona, Andrew A. Monte
This study demonstrates profound molecular variability and a wide range of NPS drugs sold as “Black Mamba” in Colorado. The SCs AMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA are chemically similar to AB-FUBINACA, a well-described SC [10]. All three have high affinities for the CB1 receptor, which causes their clinical effects. AMB-FUBINACA is an ester analogue of AB-FUBINACA. ADB-FUBINACA structurally varies from AB-FUBINACA by replacement of an isopropyl moiety with a tert-butyl moiety [11]. MDMB-FUBINACA is an ester analogue of ADB-FUBINACA. ADB-FUBINACA’s clinical effects are not well understood though it is hypothesized the clinical effects are similar to that of AB-FUBINACA [12]. 3-MeO-PCP, along with 4-MeO-PCP, are designer dissociatives structurally and pharmacologically similar to PCP [13]. NRG-3 is naphyrone, a cathinone structurally similar to mephedrone and MDPV [14]. It is a “triple reuptake inhibitor” causing decreased reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine.
Synthetic cathinones: an evolving class of new psychoactive substances
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
João L. Gonçalves, Vera L. Alves, Joselin Aguiar, Helena M. Teixeira, José S. Câmara
Following legislative controls of the “first generation” cathinones, a new series of SCat emerged in the drug market. Naphyrone, also known as naphthylpyrovalerone, appeared in UK a few months after mephedrone was criminalized (Vardakou et al. 2012). It was found in a product named “Energy-1” (NRG-1), which was advertised as the legal replacement to mephedrone (Brandt et al. 2010). Along with naphyrone, a number of other SCat, including butylone, pentylone, 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC), 4‐fluoromethcathinone, 4-methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP), 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (MDPBP) and even the already known mephedrone and MDPV were found in the same product group (Brandt et al. 2010, 2011).