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Features of Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
Published in E.I. Sokolov, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
The pathophysiological interpretation of the increased insulin level in obesity consists in that most clinicians associate it with the resistance to the effect of endogenic insulin, an increase in the volume of the fat cells, and disturbance of metabolism (e.g. lipid metabolism), and also with a growth in the content of uric acid [38, 472, 561, 585, 596, 604]. We must note improper fat metabolism in obesity patients, in particular a growth in the level of NEFA. A biochemical relation was established between a growth in the level of NEFA and the insulin content. It is considered that an increased amount of NEFA inhibits the stimulating influence of insulin on the assimilation of glucose by tissues, and this results in the development of a state of hyperinsulinism. Simultaneously, an increased glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex is noted in obesity patients.
Exploratory metabolomic analysis based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS to study hypoxia-reoxygenation energy metabolic alterations in HK-2 cells
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Xiaoyu Yang, Ailing Kang, Yuanyue Lu, Yafeng Li, Lili Guo, Rongshan Li, Xiaoshuang Zhou
Free fatty acids (FFA), also known as non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), are lipotoxic and consist of oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, etc. Intracellular levels of oleic acid are elevated (Figure 7(B)), and its accumulation in the renal cortex has been reported to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) leading to lipid stress and induction of renal injury [24,25]. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) undergo auto-oxidation to form oxidized lipids, which a part of them have anti-inflammatory properties [26,27], such as alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derivative (Figure 7(C,D)), were shown to have reduced levels. It has been shown that exogenous DHA supplementation significantly altered the oxylipin levels and improved tubular function after ischemia-induced acute kidney injury [28]. Disturbances in membrane lipid composition and elevated levels of oleic acid, and reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids may suffer from impaired fatty acid oxidation, leading to increased lipotoxicity and inflammation [29,30].
Effects of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids on metabolism, gliosis, and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in male mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Jesús Fernández-Felipe, Maria Valencia-Avezuela, Beatriz Merino, Beatriz Somoza, Victoria Cano, Ana B. Sanz-Martos, Laura M. Frago, Maria S. Fernández-Alfonso, Mariano Ruiz-Gayo, Julie A. Chowen
Although there were no differences between the two different fatty acid-enriched diets in their effects on weight gain or energy intake, their effects on systemic metabolism differed. An elevation in circulating NEFA levels was only observed in mice ingesting the SOLF, which is consistent with reports showing that NEFA levels are increased in HFD-induced obesity, but not high carbohydrate-induced obesity, when employing commercially available HFDs rich in saturated fatty acids [32]. Elevated NEFA levels are associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [33]. However, although glucose levels were increased in both UOLF and SOLF mice, insulin levels were only elevated in the group consuming the unsaturated fatty acid diet. In a previous study, plasma insulin levels were found to be lower in fasted UOLF compared to fasted SOLF mice [21]. This observation might be related to differences between SOLF and UOLF mice in circadian feeding behavior and future studies are required to test this hypothesis, as well as to better characterize the ability of these animals to manage glucose although it is clear here that an increased intake of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids differentially affects glucose metabolism. Indeed, a differential response to saturated and unsaturated fats on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion has been previously reported [34].
Evidence of metabolic imbalance and oxidative stress among patients suffering from pressure ulcers
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2019
Latifa Khlifi, Hajer Graiet, Sondes Sahli, Manel Ben-Hadj-Mohamed, Souhir Khelil, Nadia Bouzidi, Abed Elhedi Miled
Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined with colorimetric essay using an automated system (Cx9 Pro, Bechman Coulter, Fullerton, CA). Alternatively, the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines recommend measuring non-HDL-C, calculated by subtracting the protective HDL-C from the TC. Non-HDL-C is thus the cholesterol concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins and has been recommended as a target, especially among subjects with high TG levels. Thus, represents cholesterol carried on all of the potentially proatherogenic particles. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was determined by Friedewald formula when the values of TG were less than 400 mg%. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) may be calculated using the Friedewald’s equation (VLDL = TG/5). Total fat was calculated through a mathematical formula ([TC ×2.56] + [TG ×0.87]). Subsequently, apolipoproteins (ApoA-1 and ApoB) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) were quantified according to the manufacturer’s instructions using particle-enhanced immunonephelometric assay (Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany). Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are molecules released from TG by the action of the enzyme lipase and are transported in the blood bound to albumin. NEFA were measured in serum by the colorimetric method at 550 nm (Cat. No. FA 115; Randox Labs Ltd., Crumlin, UK).