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Theranostics: A New Holistic Approach in Nanomedicine
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Ankit Rochani, Sreejith Raveendran
Deliveries of gene or polypeptide-material-tagged fluorescent labels have been extensively explored using molecular cell biology techniques to map the therapeutic targets. Most conjugation chemistry systems follow the classical ethyl (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reaction between the free carboxyl and primary amines to create amide linkages. For instance, the development of fluorescein isothio-cyanate (FITC)-conjugated biomolecular systems (antibody, polymer, and ONs) is the most commonly explored for theranostic applications [19–21]. The use of FITC in conjugated state or particle-encapsulated state has become a common practice for cancer biologists for a variety of diagnostic applications.
Order Tymovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Thus, Barnhill et al. (2007b) employed the conventional N-hydroxysuccinimide-mediated amidation reaction for the chemical modification of the viral capsid. It was found that the amino groups of K32 of the flexible N-terminus made the major contribution for the reactivity of TYMV toward N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS) reagents, where approximately 60 lysines per particle were addressed, whereas other lysines in various locations were less reactive. Therefore, in contrast to the previously referenced opinion, the TYMV coat protruded its N-terminal region housing the reactive K32, thus presenting that particular amino group in a more solvent-accessible state than the other lysines. In addition, about 90 to 120 carboxyl groups, located in the most exposed sequence, were modified with amines catalyzed with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl-3-ethylcarbodiimide) hydrochloride (EDC) and sulfo-NHS. TYMV was stable to a wide range of reaction conditions and maintained its integrity after the chemical conjugations. As a result, TYMV was loaded with up to 40 fluorescein or N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylrhodamine molecules via an amidation reaction, which was equal to a local concentration of 4.6 mM of dyes surrounding the virus with no observed fluorescence quenching (Barnhill et al. 2007b).
Immunocytochemical Detection Systems
Published in Lars-Inge Larsson, Immunocytochemistry: Theory and Practice, 2020
Biotin is a low-molecular-weight vitamin (244 daltons) necessary for many cell types and often added to culture media. Its binding to the egg white protein, avidin, results in one of the firmest noncovalent bonds (dissociation constant 10−15M) known in nature. It is possible to label proteins (and nucleotides) with modified forms of biotin. In older applications, a biotin hydroxysuccinimide ester or equivalent derivatives were used for labeling. It was soon realized, however, that this resulted in considerable steric hindrance for the interaction with avidin, and today, most molecules are biotinylated using biotin derivatives with a carbon chain extension. Such derivatives suitable for labeling are now available from commercial sources.
Alginate-based aerogels as wound dressings for efficient bacterial capture and enhanced antibacterial photodynamic therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ning Guo, Yu Xia, Weishen Zeng, Jia Chen, Quanxin Wu, Yaxin Shi, Guoying Li, Zhuoyi Huang, Guanhai Wang, Yun Liu
5,10,15,20-Tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TPAPP) was purchased from Zhengzhou Anmusi Chemical Products Co., Ltd. (Zhengzhou, China). Sodium alginate (SA), 3-aminophenylboronic acid, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), and CaCl2 were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was purchased from Tianjin C&S Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF, 97%) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Luria–Bertani (LB) Broth powder was purchased from Beijing Solarbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Mueller Hinton agar medium was purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbial Technology Co., Ltd. (Guangdong, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). SYTO 9 and propidium iodide (PI) were purchased from Sigma Co, Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All solvents and reagents were of analytical grade and used as received unless declared.
Efficacy of Concanavalin-A conjugated nanotransfersomal gel of apigenin for enhanced targeted delivery of UV induced skin malignant melanoma
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Manmohan S. Jangdey, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Swarnlata Saraf
Apigenin was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Bombay). Tween 80, Rhodamine, [1-Ethyl-3,3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide) (EDC)] and Phospholipid were purchased from Himedia Pvt, Ltd. Mumbai, India. Phospholipid (phosphotidylcholine) from soya lecithin containing not less than 98% PC and Flonida cream, were purchased from Shalak Pharmaceutical Ltd, Karampura New Delhi market. Con-A was supplied as a gift sample by Bio-research products, Inc., 323W. Cherry St., North library (IA 5231). N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was supplied as a gift sample from Shivam Enterprises, Pune, Maharashtra (India). Purified water from Millipore ultrapure water system (Synergy UV water purifier system, India) was used throughout the study. All other chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade.
Collagen-based porous scaffolds containing PLGA microspheres for controlled kartogenin release in cartilage tissue engineering
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Xiaomin Sun, Jianhua Wang, Yingying Wang, Qiqing Zhang
Bovine COL was supplied by Bote Biotech, Co., Ltd. (Fuzhou, China). Bovine serum albumin (96%), CS (≥95% degree of deacetylation, 100–200 mPa·s viscosity), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 1788 low-viscosity, and HAS (95%, Mw 403.31) were purchased from the Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). PLGA (lactide to glycolide ratio of 75:25, Mw 38–54 kDa) and KGN (≥98%) were obtained from the Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). CCK-8 Kit was purchased from BestBio (Shanghai, China). N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, ≥99.0%) was purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, ≥98.0%) was purchased from the Tokyo Chemical industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from commercial sources.