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Dilution increases potency
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
“The salts of mercury and silver dissolved in water have been used as antiseptic solutions for many years. Today these substances have to a large extent been replaced by less toxic organic chemicals. Solutions of mercuric chloride are useful in disinfecting materials. Aqueous solutions of 1:100 to 1:10000 dilutions are generally employed” (Krantz & Carr, 1965, p. 551).
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
One study55 in rats compared inhaled mercury vapor with an equivalent amount of injected mercury. The mercury levels in the maternal blood were 25 times higher in the injected animals than the ones which inhaled the vapor. However, the fetal/placen-tal unit mercury levels were about the same in both. Of those which had inhaled the vapor, one half of the mercury found in the placental/fetal unit was in the fetus whereas only 1% of the injected mercury in the unit was found in the fetus. Another study56 also done in rats showed that the fetal mercury content from inhaled mercury vapor was more than 40 times that found after an equivalent dose of injected mercuric chloride. The result was more than ten times the mercury content from injected ele mental mercury when compared to injected mercuric chloride. The ability of the placenta to discriminate against ionic mercury, but not elemental (injected), is shown by the ratio of placental mercury to fetal mercury content — 80: 1 and 23: 1, respectively. The authors cited the similarity between these results and previous studies which showed that the blood-brain barrier can discriminate against ionic mercury but allows transfer of dissolved mercury vapor.
A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Safety evaluation: Earlier, several studies have been performed to study toxicity of Arogyavardhini vati (Patigiri et al. 2001). Arogyavardhini vati at doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg (1, 5 and 10 times of human equivalent dose respectively), mercury chloride (1 mg/kg) and normal saline were administered orally to male Wistar rats for 28 days. Behavioral parameters were assessed on day 1, 7th, 14th and 28th using Morris water maze, passive avoidance, elevated plus maze and rota rod. Mercury chloride treated group as well as Arogyavardhini vati treated groups (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed increased levels of mercury in brain, liver and kidney as compared to normal control (Kumar et al. 2012).
Flavonoids fractions of Adansonia digitata L. fruits protects adult Wistar rats from mercury chloride-induced hepatorenal toxicity: histopathological and biochemical studies
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Wusa Makena, Yomi Samson Aribiyun, Aisha Aminu, Barka Ishaku, Ayuba Yohana, Ekwere Eke Inemesit
Mercury chloride (BDH Chemicals Ltd, England) was used as a hepatorenal toxicity. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid; 70 mg/tablet) produced by Micro Labs Limited with NAFDAC number A4-6634 was obtained from a reputable pharmaceutical store (M.U.B Pharmaceutical Enterprises Ltd.) in Sabon Gari, Zaria, Kaduna state, and was used as a standard drug for Antioxidant. Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), 70% Ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC St. Louis, USA). The anaesthetic agent used in the study was ketamine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC St. Louis, USA). Colourimetric diagnostic kits (Randox kits) for ALT, ALP, AST, urea, and creatinine were also used. Using laboratory diagnostic kits (Biodiagnostic Co., Cairo, Egypt), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH) and MDA content in blood serum were determined.
Mercuric chloride poisoning: symptoms, analysis, therapies, and autoptic findings. A review of the literature
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Simone Cappelletti, Daria Piacentino, Vittorio Fineschi, Paola Frati, Stefano D’Errico, Mariarosaria Aromatario
Mercuric chloride has a relative molecular mass of 271.52 Dalton, a melting point of 277 °C, and a boiling point of 302 °C. It has a vapor pressure of 0.1 kPa at 136.2 °C and a water solubility of 28.6 g/L, which increases to 476 g/L in boiling water; its solubility in alcohol is of 263 g/L (WHO 2003). Mercuric chloride is currently used as a catalyst or reagent in several chemical reactions, and to a lesser extent as a disinfectant or pesticide (Worth et al. 1984). Potential sources of mercuric chloride intoxications are represented by mercuric chloride-containing stool preservatives (Seidel 1980), Ayurvedic medicines remedies (Indian herbo-metallic preparations) (Kew et al. 1993; Kamath et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2015), mainly containing Rasasindura – a preparation consisting of mercuric sulfide, mixed with honey, milk, butter, or ghee. The latter, which are not subject to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicine Agency (EMA) regulation are easily available without prescription (Young-Jin 2011).
Protective Effect of Leaf Ethanolic Extract Etlingera hemisphaerica Blume Against Mercuric Chloride Toxicity in Blood of Mice
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Aceng Ruyani, Rendi Zulni Eka Putri, Pauzi Jundara, Efri Gresinta, Irwandi Ansori, Agus Sundaryono
Hg poisoning is a disease caused by exposure to Hg compounds. Hg occurs in three forms (elementary, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds), which can produce toxic effects in high enough dosages. The toxic effects include damage to the lungs, brain, and kidney. Symptoms of Hg poisoning typically include disturbed sensation, sensory impairment (speech, vision, and hearing), and a lack of coordination. The type and degree of symptoms exhibited depend upon the individual toxin, dosage, method, and duration of exposure, and then can result in several diseases, including acrodynia (pink disease; Bjørklund, 1995). Compounds of mercury tend to be much more toxic than the salts such as mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Detoxification of organomercury compounds requires special techniques (Zheng et al., 2012), which are not described in this article. HgCl2 affects primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, can cause severe kidney damage, and can inflict neurological damage without continuous or heavy exposure. Immediate chelation therapy is the standard of care for a patient showing symptoms of severe Hg poisoning or the laboratory evidence of a large total Hg load. Chelation therapy for acute inorganic Hg poisoning can be done with succinate or meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate (DMSA), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS), D-penicillamine (DPCN), or dimercaprol (Risher and Amler, 2005). Experimental findings in the lab have successfully demonstrated an interaction between selenium and methylmercury, but epidemiological studies have found little evidence that selenium can help protect against the adverse effects of methylmercury (Watanabe, 2002). There is an example that chelation therapy can be hazardous if administered incorrectly. In August 2005, an incorrect form of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) used for chelation therapy resulted in hypocalcemia, causing cardiac arrest that killed a five-year-old autistic boy (Baxter and Krenzelok, 2008).