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Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Peppermint [Mentha piperita Linn. (M. piperita)] belongs to the family of Lamiaceae. Till date, all the 600 sorts of mints are raised from 25 well-characterized species. The two most significant are peppermint (M. piperita) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). Spearmint bears the strong fragrance of sweet character with a sharp menthol undercurrent. Its oil constituents incorporate carvacrol, menthol, carvone, methyl acetate, menthone, and limonene. Spearmint bears the strong smell of sweet character with a sharp menthol undercurrent. Its oil constituents include carvacrol, menthol, carvone, methyl acetate, limonene, and menthone.
Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
(–)-Menthol is a major component of the essential oils of Mentha piperita and M. var. piperascens; besides, it is also found in other mint oils. It has a pleasant typical minty odor and taste, and is widely used to flavor liqueurs and confectionaries and in perfumery, the tobacco industry, toiletries, oral hygiene products, lotions, and hair tonics. Due to its locally anesthetic, antipruritic, stomachic, and carminative properties, it is used in many indications—for example, topically against coughs, rhinitis, mild burns, insect bites and muscle aches and internally against dyspeptic symptoms (O'Neil, 2006; Bornscheuer et al., 2014). After oral administration to human volunteers, menthol is rapidly metabolized and only menthol glucuronide can be measured in plasma or urine (Kaffenberger and Doyle, 1990). Interestingly, unconjugated menthol is only detected after a transdermal application. In rats, however, hydroxylation at C-7 and at C-8 and C-9 of the isopropyl moiety form a series a mono- and dihydroxymenthols and carboxylic acids, some of which are excreted in part as glucuronic acid conjugates. Additional metabolites are mono- and or dihydroxylated menthol derivatives (Figure 10.19). Similar to humans, the main metabolite in rats is, again, menthol glucuronide (Madyastha and Srivatsan, 1988b; Gelal et al., 1999; Spichiger et al., 2004). In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes have revealed that the metabolite p-menthane-3,8-diol is mainly produced by CYP2A6 (Miyazawa et al., 2011).
Autofluorescence as a Parameter to Study Pharmaceutical Materials
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
In herbal medicine, perfumery, and cookery, mint, Mentha piperita from the Lamiaceae family, is widely used, mainly due to menthol giving a characteristic aroma to the essential oil (Murav’eva et al. 2007; Kurilov et al. 2009; Elhoussine et al. 2011). The medicinal properties of tinctures represent natural drugs for spasmolytics in gastrointestinal diseases as well as in complexes of cardiovascular and antiseptic preparations. The herb is also known to be useful for the health when taken in tea form. Thirty compounds were identified (Elhoussine et al. 2011) in leaves including oil (58.61%) and major compounds – terpenoids: menthone (29.01%), menthol (5.58%), menthyl acetate (3.34%), menthofuran (3.01%), 1,8-cineole (2.40%), isomenthone (2.12%), limonene (2.10%), α-pinene (1.56%), germacrene-D (1.50%), β-pinene (1.25%), sabinene (1.13%), and pulegone (1.12%). Turner, Gershenzon, and Croteau (2000) actively studied the accumulation of essential oils in secretory structures of Mentha piperita components of different chemical nature, but fluorescing in the same spectral region. For example, terpenoids, NADH, NADPH, and some flavonoids may fluoresce in blue.
Menthol additives to tobacco products. Reasons for withdrawing mentholated cigarettes in European Union on 20th may 2020 according to tobacco products directive (2014/40/EU)
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Paulina Natalia Kopa, Rafał Pawliczak
Menthol (cyclohexanol-5-methyl2-(1-methylethyl); C10H20O (Figure 1) is a natural cyclic monoterpene alcohol with a minty smell and cooling properties. It is one of the main constituents of essential oils, which are naturally present in some aromatic plants, such as Mentha × piperita L, and it may also be synthesized on a commercial scale (Werley et al. 2007; Kamatou et al. 2013). Based on its structure, menthol may occur in four pairs of optical isomers, due to three asymmetric carbon atoms situated in cyclohexane ring (Ahijevych and Garrett 2004; Werley et al. 2007). Menthol is used in a variety of merchandises, such as food (i.e. chocolate, chewing gum), oral-care products (i.e. toothpaste, mouthwash), OTC products (with local cooling and analgesic effect), cosmetics (increase the dermal penetration of medicaments) and tobacco products (cool sensation and reduction of smoking harshness effect) (Kamatou et al. 2013; Ton et al. 2015). In addition, menthol shows anesthetic, analgesic, antibacterial and antifungal, immunomodulating, and skin penetration-enhancing properties (Hoffman 2011; Ton et al. 2015; Thompson et al. 2018).
Phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme activity and antifungal properties of Satureja khuzistanica in vitro and in vivo explants stimulated by some chemical elicitors
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Farzaneh Fatemi, Mohammad Reza Abdollahi, Asghar Mirzaie-asl, Dara Dastan, Kalliope Papadopoulou
Our results demonstrated that the level of enzyme activity decreases by enhancing the MWCNTs concentration that could be due to inactivation of related molecules by MWCNTs or other chemical interactions. This result was compatible with the result of Smirnova et al. (2011). They showed that peroxidase activity was enhanced in Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC. (Leguminosae) seedlings at the concentrations of 100 and 1,000 mg/L MWCNTs, which was significantly higher than the control (Smirnova et al. 2011). The same results happened to CAT and APX enzymes in this study. It was shown that increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes is caused by exogenous application of MeJA (Anjum et al. 2011), leading to oxidative stress in plant cells. The antioxidant enzymes can play protective roles against the harmful effects of ROS, which is observed at initial moments of MeJA exposure (Afkar et al. 2013). The plants use enzymatic-antioxidant systems to minimise the damage caused by ROS (Smirnova et al. 2011). In our study the enhancement of CAT, POD and APX enzyme activities can be due to stimulation of the defence system against ROS, while the decrease in the enzyme levels may be caused by hyper toxicity of ROS. As reported by Woodward and Bartel (2005), the increase of peroxidase enzyme activity changes the plant stress hormone levels resulting in oxidative defence in plants. In accordance with the results of this study, the exogenous treatment of Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) with MeJA significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD) (Afkar et al. 2013).
Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
(R)-Pulegone (PUL, Figure 14(c)) is a major constituent of pennyroyal oil (80–90%) extracted from the leaves of Mentha pulegium and Hedeoma pulegoides, and a minor component in some other mint species, such as Mentha piperita (peppermint). Tea or oil prepared from the leaves of these plants have been used for decades as an aromatic stimulant, carminative, headache remedy, abortifacient (Gunby 1979). However, ingestion of large quantities of pennyroyal oil can cause severe tissue damage leading to dangerous and even fatal consequences (Sullivan et al. 1979). The metabolism-based hepatotoxicity by pennyroyal oil was classified as hepatic centrilobular necrosis in both animals and human (Gordon et al. 1982). The toxicity of PUL is attributed to its α-isopropylidene ketone moiety (Figure 14(c)). Reduction of the ketone (yielding pulegol) or the isopropylidene double bond (yielding menthone and isomenthone) completely abolishes the toxicity.