China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Introduction to R and Stata for Meta-Analysis
Published in Ding-Geng (Din) Chen, Karl E. Peace, Applied Meta-Analysis with R and Stata, 2021
Ding-Geng (Din) Chen, Karl E. Peace
In order to carry out a meta-analysis, we first need to aggregate the individual data by study for their sample size, means, and standard deviations which can be done with following R code chunk: > # Get the study sample size> ndat = aggregate(dat$bp.diff,list(Center=dat$Center,TRT = dat$TRT), length)> # Print the study specific sample size> ndat Center TRT x 1 1 CTRL 100 2 2 CTRL 100 3 3 CTRL 100 4 4 CTRL 100 5 5 CTRL 100 6 1 Drug 100 7 2 Drug 100 8 3 Drug 100 9 4 Drug 100 10 5 Drug 100 > # Calcuate the means by study> mdat = aggregate(dat$bp.diff,list(Center=dat$Center,TRT = dat$TRT), mean)> # Print the means> mdat Center TRT x 1 1 CTRL -0.24 2 2 CTRL 3.05 3 3 CTRL -3.84 4 4 CTRL -4.43 5 5 CTRL 3.84 6 1 Drug -12.86 7 2 Drug -14.14 8 3 Drug -11.43 9 4 Drug -7.04 10 5 Drug -8.77 > # Calculate the standard deviations> sddat = aggregate(dat$bp.diff,list(Center=dat$Center,TRT = dat$TRT), sd)> # Print the SDs> sddat Center TRT x 1 1 CTRL 29.2 2 2 CTRL 27.4 3 3 CTRL 30.0 4 4 CTRL 28.3 5 5 CTRL 28.3 6 1 Drug 28.5 7 2 Drug 30.3 8 3 Drug 27.5 9 4 Drug 28.4 10 5 Drug 30.6
Clinical aspects of malarial retinopathy: a critical review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Ketan Raymond Nair Brodeur, Anderson Herculano, Karen Oliveira
Cerebral and severe malaria are both linked to long-term internalizing and externalizing behavioral issues in a significant portion of pediatric CM survivors [46]. While the vast majority of CM research studies focus on the pathophysiology and treatment of CM patients, there are few studies with a primary objective to monitor and test for neurocognitive deficits in survivors after recovery from cerebral malaria. With an annual incidence of cerebral malaria estimated in the hundreds of thousands, there is thought to be a large under-reported population of pediatric CM survivors who suffer from moderate to severe developmental delays, consequently placing a burden on families and communities who care for these survivors. Various investigations have determined that a significant percentage of children post CM have deficits in all cognitive fields including the following: memory, language, executive functions, and attention [47,48]. Cerebral malaria is the leading cause of neurological impairment in Sub-Saharan Africa, with varying estimates of cognitive or neurological deficits with most ranging between 14–26% of CM survivors depending on how the definition of deficit was defined [48,49]. 12 months post-recovery survivors of CM performed significantly worse in all domains in comparison to community controls demonstrating how these deficits remain for the long term [50]. Socioeconomic status factors were also taken into consideration by using community control children from the same family, or extended family of the CM survivors. By utilizing neurocognitive exams, researchers could further learn valuable information about the pathophysiology of brain injury. Due to concerns that many developmental tests formulated in the United States and other countries would provide inaccurate data due to cultural differences, culturally specific tests, such as MDAT (Malawi Development Assessment Tool), were created to examine developmental delays in pediatric CM survivors specifically in rural Malawi. MDAT results in preschool children between MR positive CM survivors and comparison children from the hospital that did not develop CM or have a malarial infection determined that MR positive CM survivors suffered from significant delays, particularly in language development [51].