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Disease prevention and screening in public health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Martin C.S. Wong, Junjie Huang, Kevin Law, Hanyue Ding, Yun-yang Deng
Nicotine replacement therapy is the most effective way for smoking cessation. It could be in the form of nicotine gum, nicotine patch, nasal sprays, nasal inhaler, nicotine sublingual tablets and lozenges (Shaik et al., 2016). Furthermore, cognitive behavioural therapy can also assist smokers to quit. However, there are some barriers to implement smoking cessation. Smokers may be at a pre-contemplation stage, and additional efforts are often required to allow transition to subsequent stages. In addition, some smokers may encounter several perceived benefits of smoking, including peer recognition, stress reduction, and weight loss for some. Therefore, additional facilitators should be considered to support smoking cessation, including health care policy, tobacco taxation, financial subsidies for smoking cessation programmes and support from family members (Pagano et al., 2016).
Common/useful drugs
Published in Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson, Pocket Prescriber Psychiatry, 2019
Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson
Lozenges: 1 lozenge every 1–2 h, those who smoke <20 cigarettes/day use lower-strength lozenges, those who smoke >20 cigarettes/day and who fail to stop smoking with low-strength lozenges use the higher-strength lozenges, continue for 6–12 wk before ↓dose, max 15 lozenges/day.
Common problems in pregnancy
Published in Anne Lee, Sally Inch, David Finnigan, Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Lactation, 2019
Similarly, there is a lack of data on the safety of commonly used cough medicines in pregnancy but these preparations are also of limited benefit. Opioid cough suppressants are best avoided, although short-term use is unlikely to present a risk to the fetus. There is no reason to believe that expectorants or demulcents are harmful, but they are of limited efficacy. Cough and throat lozenges are unlikely to have systemic effects and can be recommended.
Micromonas micros: A rare anaerobic cause of late implant failure following spinal surgery
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Garret L. Sobol, John I. Shin, Michael J. Vives, Lisa L. Dever, Colin B. Harris
Our patient was found to have severe dental and periodontal disease, but denied any history of dental procedures or extractions. The patient did report excessive use of fentanyl lozenges since his last operation as an adjunct to help control his chronic low back pain. He temporally related the dental decay and periodontal disease to use of the lozenges. The high sugar content of the lozenges, combined with poor oral hygiene, was the most likely the mechanism for his condition. Other authors have published reports of the risk of development of dental caries with the use of fentanyl lozenges.19–21 The lozenges contain hydrated dextrates equivalent to approximately 2 g of glucose per lozenge. A mixture of a low pH environment in the oral cavity with fermentable carbohydrates and reduced salivary flow associated with opioids is theorized to promote rapid progression of dental caries. It is important to note, as this is a retrospective report, that the patient’s oral hygiene cannot be definitively established as the cause of the Micromonas infection. However, given the species that was isolated on intraoperative cultures, the patient’s significant dental findings as well as the association of this organism to the oral cavity, this is the most plausible theory.
Development and optimization of tibezonium iodide and lignocaine hydrochloride containing novel mucoadhesive buccal tablets: a pharmacokinetic investigation among healthy humans
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Sana Hanif, Rai Muhammad Sarfraz, Muhammad Ali Syed, Asif Mahmood, Muhammad Usman Minhas, Muhammad Irfan
Tibezonium iodide (TBN) is one of the locally acting antiseptics [7] which is commercialized under the trade name of Tyzorin® lozenges, Maxius® mouth wash, Antoral® buccal spray, Maxoral® tablets [8] or such similar worldwide. The drug exhibits mild anesthetic activity as well. TBN is primarily used to improve the symptoms of sore throat and other conditions like mouth infections, gingival inflammation, dental plaque, cold or similar conditions [9]. Being unable to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, can induce antiseptic action locally. For this reason, it was considered a suitable contender for local action. Similarly, lignocaine hydrochloride (LGN), an amide-type local anesthetic agent, is a frequently used local anesthetic [10]. It is extensively applied in the field of dentistry [11] and possesses an analgesic effect as well [12]. For sore throat, LGN is a part of many over the counter soothing lozenges like Strepsils Maxplus®, Betadine®, Difflam plus®, Amcal®, etc. As topical drug delivery, LGN has been reported to be administered for oral analgesia alone or in combination [13,14]. For symptomatic improvement, TBN was delivered concomitantly with LGN in the current study for the treatment of sore throat.
Modes of delivery in concurrent nicotine and cannabis use (“co-use”) among youth: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Survey
Published in Substance Abuse, 2021
Danielle M. Smith, Connor Miller, Richard J. O’Connor, Lynn T. Kozlowski, Elle Wadsworth, Brian V. Fix, R. Lorraine Collins, Binnian Wei, Maciej L. Goniewicz, Andrew J. Hyland, David Hammond
All respondents answered the following questions: “Have you ever tried a cigarette, even one or two puffs?”; “Have you ever tried an e-cigarette, even one or two puffs?” Participants who responded “Yes” were successively asked: “When was the last time you used a… [cigarette/e-cigarette]?” Youth selected from the following answers: (a) “Earlier today;” (b) “Not today but sometime in the past 7 days;” (c) “Not in the past 7 days but sometime in the past 30 days;” (d) “Not in the past 30 days but sometime in the past 6 months;” (e) “Not in the past 6 months but sometime in the past year;” (f) “1 to 4 years ago;” and (g) “5 or more years ago.” Additionally, participants responded to a yes/no checklist pertaining to past 30-day use of other tobacco products (“In the past 30 days, have you used any of the following?”: (a) little cigars or cigarillos; (b) cigars; (c) bidis; (d) smokeless tobacco; (e) nicotine patches/gum/lozenges; (f) waterpipe to smoke shisha).