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Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Some coenzymes derived from vitamins which act as a prosthetic group (fixed compounds) include: biotin or vitamin B7, vitamin K, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) from thiamine (vitamin B1), pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) from pyridoxine (vitamin B6), adenosyl-cobalamin and methyl-cobalamin from cobalamine (vitamin B12), and retinal from vitamin A. Lipoamide is a non-vitamin compound and acts as prosthetic group (93). Other coenzymes derived from vitamins which act as co-substrates (labile compounds) are: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) from niacin (vitamin B3), coenzyme A (CoA) from pantothenate (vitamin B3), and tetrahydrofolate from folic acid (vitamin B9). Co-substrates non-derived from vitamins include: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uridine diphosphate glucose, S-adenosyl methionine, and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) (93).
Deficiency of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Defects in E3 result in deficiency of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and the branched-chain oxoacid decarboxylase, as well as PDHC. In these patients, lactic acidemia and systemic acidosis developed some months after birth. Elevated levels may be found of the branched-chain amino acids and of 2-oxoglutarate, as well as of pyruvate and lactate. In one patient, 2-oxoisocaproic acid was found in elevated amounts. Activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase ranged from 0 to 20 percent of the control level.
Orthomolecular Parenteral Nutrition Therapy
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Arturo O'Byrne-Navia, Arturo O'Byrne-De Valdenebro
In the complementary treatment of dementias, most beneficial effects have been linked to the use of the reduced form of lipoic acid, named dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA). Holmquist et al. (2007) inform about the possibility to use R-alpha lipoic acid instead of DHLA, as it is reduced by mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase, a part of the PDH complex. They explore the therapeutic properties of lipoic acid, with particular emphasis on its R-alpha-enantiomer, to treat Alzheimer's disease and related dementia.
A comprehensive proteomics analysis of the response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to nanoceria cytotoxicity
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Lidija Izrael Živković, Nico Hüttmann, Vanessa Susevski, Ana Medić, Vladimir Beškoski, Maxim V. Berezovski, Zoran Minić, Ljiljana Živković, Ivanka Karadžić
The upregulation of several enzymes involved in lipid catabolism through the β-oxidation of fatty acids were found: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA thiolase, and long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (Table 1), suggesting increased generation of acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2 that are used for further oxidation and energy production. Interestingly, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, which contains lipoamide as a cofactor, was downregulated, indicating reduced synthesis of lipid structures. Impaired structures and reduced biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids in association with ROS that cause lipid peroxidation in P. aeruginosa produce a strong effect on maintaining bacterial cell integrity, primarily through the effects on membrane phospholipids, lipidated membrane proteins that are tightly connected to transport machinery, and lipopolysaccharides of the outer membrane, responsible for permeability. Notably, even the intact outer membrane of P. aeruginosa has low permeability to various compounds, not only toxic, but also nutritional substrates (Tamber, Ochs, and Hancock 2006).
Aggravated effects of coexisting marginal thiamine deficits and zinc excess on SN56 neuronal cells
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Anna Ronowska, Sylwia Gul-Hinc, Anna Michno, Dorota Bizon-Zygmańska, Marlena Zyśk, Hanna Bielarczyk, Andrzej Szutowicz, Beata Gapys, Agnieszka Jankowska-Kulawy
There are several studies showing that PDHC activity is not decreased in TD brains or in cultured astrocytes [36,41,42]. However, in those experiments PDHC activities were measured in TPP or TDP supplemented assay media which restored enzyme’s integrity. Thereby, they did not reflect real in situ saturation of PDHC with TPP. Therefore, we measured PDHC activity in the assay media with and without TPP, respectively. In consequence first assay assessed alterations in levels of whole metabolically active TPP – saturated PDHC. On the other hand, assays in TPP free medium detected PDHC activity with tightly bound TPP. Accordingly, these two types of assays assessed changes of the PDHC level and its activity in situ, respectively [2]. These data indicate that TPP deficient cells accumulated Zn that directly inhibited PDHC. This inhibition took place due to the removal of lipoamide from E2 and interaction with cysteine-SH groups of E3 – PDHC subunits, respectively. This attenuation of Zn inhibition of PDHC by lipoamide could result from competitive formation of Zn-lipoamide complexes [22]. Complete alleviation of chronic Zn inhibition of the PDHC activity by lipoamide indicates that this cation caused neither enzyme inactivation nor suppression of the enzyme level in SN56 cells.
The interaction between vitamin C and bone health: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2018
Alberto Falchetti, Roberta Cosso
DHA is converted back to ascorbate through lipoamide-dependent cytosolic and mitochondrial GSH-enzymes; NAD(P)H− and the recycling pathway are extremely important for storage maintenance. A tolerable upper intake level has not been established, due to the lack of a sufficient number of studies describing toxicity levels. However, according to EFSA, daily intakes should not exceed 1 g/day, and, in any case the limit of 2 g/day. Furthermore, DHA hydrolyzes spontaneously to 2,3-diketo l-gulonic acid, which is degraded to oxalic acid, xylose, and other catabolites. Finally, every 60 mg of vitamin C, 35 mg/day of oxalic acid are formed [11].