China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
On the other hand, the nutraceutical interest of food scientists working on the development of a functional food product will not only include physiological properties, but also stability and sensory properties, as well as issues of cost efficiency. To demonstrate this point, the anticarcinogenic triterpene limonin is lipid-soluble and intensely bitter, somewhat limiting its commercial use as a functional food ingredient.12 However, the glucoside derivative of limonin, which shares some of the potential anticarcinogenic activity of limonin, is water soluble and virtually tasteless, thereby enhancing its potential use as an ingredient.13
Flavonoid constituents and protective efficacy of Citrus reticulate (Blanco) leaves ethanolic extract on thioacetamide-induced liver injury rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Usama W. Hawas, Mohamed A. El-Ansari, Abeer F. Osman, Asmaa F. Galal, Lamia T. Abou El-Kassem
Furthermore, the leaves have been traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatic pain, high fever, inflammation, ulcer, and tumour and have been reported to effectively inhibit 1 L-1α-inflammatory cytokine (Yesilada et al.1995, Yesilada et al.1997). In particular, Citrus species contain many important phytochemical compounds such as ascorbic and hydroxycinnamic acids (Manthey and Grohmann 2001, Rapisarda et al. 1999), acridone alkaloids (Samuel et al. 2019, Ye et al. 2022), flavonoids; flavones, flavanones, chalcones, and dihydrochalcones (Wu 1987, Han et al. 2010, Montero-Calderon et al. 2019), provitamin A carotenoids (β-cryptoxanthin) as violaxanthin esters (Giuffrida et al. 2010), and apocarotenoids (β-citraurin) (Luan et al. 2020, Rodrigo et al. 2013). These bioactive metabolites reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators in the body, thereby decreasing the risk of metabolic syndrome including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer (Saini et al. 2022). In addition, Citrus essential oil is rich in limonin and terpenes (D-limonene and γ-terpinene) (Raspo et al. 2020, Rossi et al. 2020). This oil is considered an economical product due to its flavouring, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties (Ambrosio et al.2019).
The vital role of animal, marine, and microbial natural products against COVID-19
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Aljawharah A. Alqathama, Rizwan Ahmad, Ruba B. Alsaedi, Raghad A. Alghamdi, Ekram H. Abkar, Rola H. Alrehaly, Ashraf N. Abdalla
Rutin is one of the flavonoids that affect enzymes such as helicase, RdRp, PLpro, and Mpro that play a major role in the viral replication cycle. It interacts via conventional H-bonds, π-cation π-alkyl π-sulfur and C-H bond interactions with high docking scores with –9.2 kcal/mol. It blocks hACE2 receptor virtually (–6.9 kcal/mol) and interferes with receptor binding with the viral S protein attachment. It suppresses the host toll-like receptors (TLRs) that mediate the inflammatory response in COVID-19 infection (Agrawal et al. 2020; Rahman et al. 2021). The inhibitory activity of limonin is shown through the high binding energy to RdRp and S protein from –9 to –7.1 kcal/mol (Berretta et al. 2020). Luteolin 7-rutinoside is also a flavonoid in propolis that binds efficiently to RdRp with nine H-bonds to the active site of RdRp (Alamri et al. 2020). a molecular docking study, gallic acid from honey showed higher binding affinity to the RdRp than the standard drug ribavirin, as well as showing significant pharmacokinetic activity (Abdo et al. 2021). Phycocyanobilins (PCBs) exist in different types of cyanobacteria, and, in algae rhodophytes, they show capability to inhibit RdRp, Mpro in in silico models. They have high binding affinity to RdRp (–7.2 kcal/mol), considerably higher than remdesivir, and they inhibit interaction with the RBD of S proteins through Vander Waal interactions (Geahchan et al. 2021).
Integrated serum pharmacochemistry and investigation of the anti-gastric ulcer effect of Zuojin pill in rats induced by ethanol
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Jiaying Zhang, Yi Yin, Qianqian Xu, Xiaoqing Che, Chen Yu, Yan Ren, Dongsheng Li, Juanjuan Zhao
These results in ethanol-treated rats proved that ZJP could mitigate gastric ulcers induced by ethanol via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. And these activities of ZJP might be related to the identified compounds. UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS experiments showed that ZJP was composed of various alkaloids, flavonoids and limonoids. Alkaloids from CC, such as berberine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine, could inhibit the classical inflammatory pathways by mediating NF-κB and AP-1 (Xu, Kuang, et al. 2020; Xu, Zhang, et al. 2020). Early studies have proved that dehydroevodiamine, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, isolated from the ethanol extract of TR, could diminish the production of ROS and NADPH oxidase activity and reduce the activation of NF-κB (Ko et al. 2007; Tian et al. 2019). Furthermore, the literature indicated that limonin characterised by ZJP exhibited protective activities against long-term alcohol injury due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms (Valansa et al. 2020). Based on these results in this study and the literature on various compounds in ZJP, it can be concluded that the gastroprotective activities of ZJP were attributed to the cooperation of its multiple compounds identified by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS in this study.