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Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Figure 6.18 shows a selection of cyclic monoterpenoid alcohols. α-Terpineol (74) is found in many essential oils as is its acetate. The isomeric terpinen-4-ol (93) is an important component of Ti tree oil, but its acetate, surprisingly, is more widely occurring, being found in herbs such as marjoram and rosemary. l-Menthol (94) is found in various mints and is responsible for the cooling effect of oils containing it. There are eight stereoisomers of the menthol structure, l-menthol is the commonest in nature and also has the strongest cooling effect. The cooling effect makes menthol and mint oils valuable commodities, the two most important sources being corn mint (Mentha arvensis) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). Isopulegol (95) occurs in some species including Eucalyptus citriodora and citronella. Borneol (endo-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol) (79) and esters thereof, particularly the acetate, occur in many essential oils. Isoborneol (exo-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol) (96) is less common; however, isoborneol and its esters are found in quite a number of oils. Thymol (97), being a phenol, possesses antimicrobial properties, and oils, such as thyme and basil, which find appropriate use in herbal remedies. It is also found in various Ocimum and Monarda species.
Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of essential oils against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rajkesh Koundal, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Gopi Chand, Vijai K. Agnihotri, S. G. Eswara Reddy
EO components from rhizomes of C. aromatica and H. spicatum accounts 85.8% and 87.1% of the total oil respectively. Twenty components identified in the EO extracted from rhizomes of C. aromatica which dominated by camphor (33.4%) along with 1,8-cineole (14.2%), isoborneol (7.8%), camphene (5.2%), borneol (4.4%), curdione (3.8%), linalool (3.7%) and germacrone (2.7%). Presence of camphor, cineol, borneol and curdione in the present species is very characteristic and reported by several authors (Bordoloi et al. 1999; Agnihotri et al. 2014; Jarikasem et al. 2005; Al-Reza et al. 2011). Twenty-one components identified from the EO of H. spicatum with 1,8-cineole (56.9%) is the major component followed by epi-α-murolol (6.5%), β-eudesmol (5.6%), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (5.3%), hinesol (2.7%) and β-pinene (2.4%). Oxygenated sesquiterpene (12.5%) was the second largest compound class detected in this oil. The content of 1,8-cineole is higher (56.9%) in the present study as compared to others who reported lesser content in H. spicatum (17.6%) (Prakash et al.2010), H. venustum (45%), and H. coronarium (48.7%) (Sabulal et al. 2007). Oxygenated monoterpenes found to be main class of components in all the analyzed oils viz., M. piperita (87.5%), M. spicata (76.6%), M. longifolia (72.9%), C. Camphora (85.4%), C. flexuosus (78.6%), C. aromatica (63.5%) and H. spicatum (57.2%) followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (4.0–14.6%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1.0–13.4%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (0.1–21.5%).
Improved lymphatic targeting: effect and mechanism of synthetic borneol on lymph node uptake of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin nanoliposomes following subcutaneous administration
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Tiantian Ye, Yue Wu, Lei Shang, Xueqing Deng, Shujun Wang
Borneol (BO) is a monoterpenoid component, being classified into nature borneol and synthetical borneol (S-BO). S-BO is produced by turpentine through a series of synthesis processes, containing d-borneol and isoborneol. S-BO is widely used in medicine because they are easily available, inexpensive and have same pharmacodynamics as nature borneol (Yu et al., 2007). According to the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine, borneol is called a ‘penetration enhancer’, which not only can lead other components into the brain through blood–brain barrier (Tao et al., 2017; Yin et al., 2017), but also enhance other tissues targeting (Zhang et al., 2015) via improving the permeability of various physiological barrier such as the skin (Mai et al., 2003; Yi et al., 2016), mucous membranes (Lu et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2014) and gastrointestinal tract (Zhou et al., 2010; Ru et al., 2016). However, there is no relevant previous study to investigate the impact of S-BO on lymphatic targeting of drug delivery system by evaluating lymph node uptake.