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Alternative and Complementary Medicine in Treating Fungal Dermatophytic Infections
Published in Anne George, K. S. Joshy, Mathew Sebastian, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi, Sabu Thomas, Holistic Approaches to Infectious Diseases, 2017
Ponnusamy et al. (2010) tested the hexane and chloroform extracts of leaves against T.rubrum, E.floccosum at 0.5 mg/mL concentration and the major compound indirubin also found to exhibit activity against E.floccosum (MIC: 6.25 μg/mL); T.rubrum and T.tonsurans (MIC: 25 μg/ mL). Leaves also extracted with ethanol completely inhibit the pathogen E.floccosum at 500–100 ppm (Ranjani et al., 2012).
Transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory mechanism underlying the indirubin-mediated amelioration of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Zhe Liu, Jin-ru Zhang, Yong-xiang Huang, Xue-ying Li, Hai-peng Zhu, Rui-yi Yang, Song Chen
Indirubin [2-(2-oxo-1H-indol-3-ylidene)-1H-indol-3-one; IDR] is an active ingredient derived from Indigofera tinctoria L. (Fabaceae)and used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating cancer and inflammation. IDR is a dietary-derived indole-based cytosolic AhR ligand (Hubbard et al. 2015). Both IDR and the traditional Chinese herb Indigo Naturalis (also known as Qing dai, which is derived from Indigofera tinctoria and contains IDR as its major active pharmaceutical ingredient) ameliorate murine DSS-induced colitis through AhR activation (Gao et al. 2016, 2018; Kawai et al. 2017). Possible mechanisms of amelioration include the suppression of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, skewing the Th1/Th2 ratio, and promoting Foxp3+ regulatory T cell generation (Gao et al. 2016, 2018). IDR has been used for treating chronic myelogenous leukemia for decades. Therefore, it is safe and cost-effective and can be developed as a new drug for UC. However, several factors, such as the presence of co-regulators or specific transcription-factors, may affect the outcome of AhR activation through IDR treatment and impede the application of IDR to UC treatment. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic mechanisms of IDR in mice with DSS-induced colitis using transcriptomic techniques.
Treatment with indigo naturalis for inflammatory bowel disease and other immune diseases
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2019
Indigo and indirubin, the active components of IN, have an indole ring in their chemical structure. A previous study indicates that Indirubin suppresses interferon-α, IL-6 [17], and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) production [18]. Many indole compounds, such as Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) exist in nature. I3C is abundant in green-yellow vegetables [15]. When ingested, I3C reacts with gastric acid to form 6-formylindolo [3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ). In addition, indole-3-carboxaldehyde (IAld) is produced from tryptophan by intestinal bacteria. Indigo, indirubin, FICZ, and IAId are Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands and AhR ligands can promote mucosal healing by inducing the production of interleukin 22 (IL-22) from type 3 innate lymphocytes cells (ILC 3) that express AhR [19].
Novel oxindole/benzofuran hybrids as potential dual CDK2/GSK-3β inhibitors targeting breast cancer: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Wagdy M. Eldehna, Sara T. Al-Rashood, Tarfah Al-Warhi, Razan O. Eskandrani, Amal Alharbi, Ahmed M. El Kerdawy
The naturally occurring oxindole derivative, indirubin, (Figure 2) has been identified as the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicinal remedy, Dang Gui Long Hui Wan which is used to treat chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML)64,66,89. Indirubin and its derivatives showed distinctive antiproliferative effect which is attributed to their inhibition of CDKs and GSK-3 through competing with ATP at the kinase domain74,90–93.