China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Assyria
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
The seeds of hemp (Cannabis sativa) were found to be good for their analgesic properties and were mixed and taken in beer for ‘female ailments’ and for heavy and painful periods. Hemp was much used through the ages as a sedative and analgesic. The plant was smoked or ingested as an hallucinogen in many cultures and is known by many slang names such as bhang, hashish and marijuana.
Scientific, Legal, and Regulatory Considerations for Cannabidiol
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Jay Manfre, Rick Collins, Marielle Kahn Weintraub, Robert E.C. Wildman
Both marijuana and hemp are produced from the same species of plant, Cannabis sativa, though different varieties are cultivated for specific characteristics. Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of over 100 naturally occurring cannabinoids found in both marijuana and hemp. Although both marijuana and hemp come from Cannabis sativa, hemp typically has a much lower concentration of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive chemical found in marijuana that produces a “high” when consumed.1 The World Health Organization's Expert Committee on Drug Dependence discussed CBD during its 39th meeting, which took place in November 2017 in Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization reported that when consumed by humans, pure CBD does not exhibit the effects indicative of abuse, dependence potential, or any public health-related problems.2 Although pure CBD does not produce a “high” or cause dependence in users, the legal status of CBD in the United States has been mired in an intricate web of regulatory and legal considerations that are worthy of examination.
What is Hemp?
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Hemp is a cultivar of the plant Cannabis sativaL. and is defined by the US federal government as containing less than 0.3% Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or its carboxylic acid form THCA by dry weight. THC is converted from THCA upon heat exposure in a process known as decarboxylation and is a principal constituent mediating the psychoactive, euphoric and sometimes psychotoxic effects of consumption of drug-type cannabis plants [2]. It is important to note that THC is but one of many phytocannabinoids found in cannabis, with as many as 120 being reported [3]. The dominant phytocannabinoid in agricultural hemp is cannabidiol (CBD), which is presently being researched for its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticonvulsant, and cytoprotective properties without any abuse potential or psychotoxicity [4,5]. Hence, although THC-rich cannabis strains are most popular for adult recreational use and show clinical efficacy in various medicinal applications, hemp-derived CBD preparations are becoming increasingly popular for both legal and practical reasons (Figure 1.1).
Characterization of aerosols from hemp-derived pre-roll joints
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Hammad Irshad, Justyna Kulpa, Philip J. Kuehl, Tim Lefever, Jacob D. McDonald
While cannabis products have traditionally contained delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive compound in cannabis, formulations with varying combinations/concentrations of other cannabis-derived compounds are now widely available (Melzer et al. 2022). In particular, hemp products (<0.3% THC on a dry weight basis) have the benefit of delivering potentially therapeutic compounds while avoiding risk of intoxication or addiction, leading to their rapid growth in the cannabis marketplace (Corwin 2019). Public interest has largely focused on hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD), but products containing minor cannabinoids (e.g. cannabigerol (CBG)) are gaining popularity. Additionally, terpenes, which affect the aroma and flavor of cannabis strains and may act synergistically with cannabinoids to exert therapeutic effects (Ferber et al. 2020), also influence consumer preference.
Unwitting adult marijuana poisoning: a case series
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Kelly Fong, Andy Hsueh, Kayla Kendric, Karissa Kunihira, Nadia Siddiqi, Tammy H. Phan, Ellen Reibling, Brian J. Wolk
Despite edible cannabis products accounting for a small proportion of the total number of cannabis sold and used, they result in the majority of ED visits [8,25]. In one study during a workshop on using hemp for medical purposes, 12 patients ingested hemp cookies and developed vomiting, vertigo, slowed reaction times, and gait abnormalities. Two patients required intensive care unit (ICU) admission due to central nervous system depression though without respiratory compromise [17]. One prior report studied a series of 12 children and nine adults who became intoxicated at a children’s birthday party after eating THC-containing gummies. Many reported hallucinations, confusion, and dizziness. Pediatric patients also exhibited tachycardia, leukocytosis, and elevated lactic acid [14]. In our series, common features included sleepiness, confusion, speech difficulty, weakness, nausea, tremors, and distortions of reality (Table 1). All the interviewed subjects felt a degree of sleepiness after THC consumption (Table 1).
Effects of Hemp Extract on Markers of Wellness, Stress Resilience, Recovery and Clinical Biomarkers of Safety in Overweight, But Otherwise Healthy Subjects
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Hector L. Lopez, Kyle R. Cesareo, Betsy Raub, A. William Kedia, Jennifer E. Sandrock, Chad M. Kerksick, Tim N. Ziegenfuss
Six weeks of supplementing with a commercially available, independent conclusion GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) CBD-containing hemp oil extract led to improvements in HDL cholesterol in overweight, otherwise healthy men and women. Stochastic changes were noted in clinical biomarkers of safety. When combined with no serious adverse events, nor side effect patterns being reported between groups throughout the study trial, the CBD-containing Hemp extract supplement was well tolerated with no concerns for safety within the conditions of this study. Body composition, cognitive processing, and recovery do not appear to be impacted by supplementation. No between-group differences were evident for any of the heart rate variability measures. With respect to VAS outcomes, while some variables exhibited statistically significant increases or decreases in the measured values in either the Hemp or PLA groups, the overall pattern of these changes are consistent with modulation of the ECS in areas of mood, sleep, life pleasure, and stress responses. Furthermore, several VAS variables exhibited statistically significant improvements in both groups as a result of supplementation. Overall, these findings suggest that supplementation with this Hemp extract at the provided dosage in the men and women studied exhibited improvements in HDL cholesterol, tended to support psychometric measures of perceived sleep quantity and stress response, perceived life pleasure, and is well tolerated in healthy human subjects.