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Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Guanosine-5’-Triphosphate is a nucleotide containing the heterocyclic base Guanine. Like ATP, GTP carries energy in phospho-anhydride bonds. In terms of co-substrate/coenzyme activity, GTP is the ‘energy source’ for the reactions of protein synthesis. GTP also serves an important role in the cellular response to signal molecules, for instance, hormones (92).
Role of Natural Agents in the Management of Diabetes
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Monika Elżbieta Jach, Anna Serefko
Galega officinalis is a leguminous plant, which aerial parts have long been used in traditional and folk medicine to treat diabetes in Chile, Japan as well as Europe (Bailey and Day, 2004; Gunn and Farnsworth, 2013; Rios et al., 2015). This herb consists of two nitrogen guanidine constituents: galegin (syn. galegine) as isoamylene guanidine and hydroxygalegine prevalent in all parts during flowering and forming fruits. These bioactive substances possess pharmacological features as hypoglycemic and galactogenic factors. However, guanidine is excessively toxic for clinical treat; hence, the study focused on galegine, which turned out to be less toxic as an extract of G. officinalis. In the 1920s, the extract was specified as an antidiabetic formulation (Bailey and Day, 2004; Martínez-Larrañaga and Martínez, 2018).
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Deficiency of PNP is unique among immunodeficiencies in that patients have impressive hypouricemia [9, 10] and a very low level of excretion of uric acid in the urine. These features provide a diagnostic marker for the disease [11]. Concentrations of inosine and guanosine in the serum are markedly elevated, as is their excretion in the urine [3, 12]. These patients overproduce purines de novo, which appears to be a consequence of the accumulation in cells of PRPP [6]. These observations suggest a role for purine nucleoside phosphorylase in providing a source of hypoxanthine for nucleotide synthesis catalyzed by hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). In the absence of substrate hypoxanthine or in the absence of HPRT, levels of PRPP rise.
Quantifying RNA modifications by mass spectrometry: a novel source of biomarkers in oncology
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Amandine Amalric, Amandine Bastide, Aurore Attina, Armelle Choquet, Jerome Vialaret, Sylvain Lehmann, Alexandre David, Christophe Hirtz
In some cancer cohorts, non-modified nucleoside levels in urine are higher than in healthy control groups. For example, adenosine was elevated in lung cancer, colon/colorectal cancer [37,38] and breast cancer [39] patient urine. Cytidine was also increased in gastric [40], colon/colorectal [37,38] and breast [37,39] cancer samples. Guanosine was readily detected in the urine of patients with urogenital cancer [42]. Uridine was elevated in urogenital cancer [42] urine samples. One of the most abundant modified nucleosides, pseudouridine, which has its own symbol, ψ, and is referred to as the “fifth nucleoside”, was elevated in colorectal [38], urogenital [42], breast [39], ovarian [49], head and neck [46] cancer patient urine. Similarly, inosine, another common non-canonical nucleoside, was detected at high levels in the urine of patients with colorectal [38], breast [37,39] and urogenital cancer [42,43]. Following the same trend, xanthosine, which can result from distinct synthesis routes (including via inosine 5′-monophosphate or guanosine) was also present in higher concentrations in urine following breast [39], urogenital [42], head and neck [46] cancer development. Finally, the level of 1-methylinosine (m1I) rose in colorectal cancer [38] and bladder cancer [45].
Possible therapeutic agents for COVID-19: a comprehensive review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Khaled Mosaad Elhusseiny, Fatma Abd-Elshahed Abd-Elhay, Mohamed Gomaa Kamel
Ribavirin is a guanosine analogue that has antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and viral hemorrhagic fevers [10]. It acts mainly through incorporation into viral RNA, instead of guanosine, and this is subsequently toxic to the viral genome. Ribavirin has been given with interferon-α to MERS-CoV patients [11], however, it failed to show response among critically-ill patients [12]. Meanwhile, it showed uncertain clinical improvement when used at an earlier stage [13]. Interferon-α is usually given with ribavirin to enhance and modulate host immunity and because ribavirin was found to be not able to reduce viral RNA when given alone [14,15]. Regarding COVID-19, a high dose of ribavirin found to limit viral infection in vitro [16]. Thus, ribavirin might have the potential to act against COVID-19, yet this requires large-sized clinical trials, however, caution should be taken as ribavirin has an associated risk of hemolytic anemia and significant hemoglobin reduction. Moreover, it may result in fatigue, rash, leukopenia, and teratogenicity [13].
Arabian Primrose leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: their industrial and biomedical applications
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Shruti Nindawat, Veena Agrawal
The compounds identified through GC-MS analysis in the leaf extract are listed in Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Figure 2. Some of the compounds have been reported to have high medicinal potential such as 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol which is a phenolic compound reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities [27]. Similarly, 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid is reported to be fungicidal against several pathogenic sps. (Candida sp. and Aspergillus sp.) [28] and its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity have also been reported by Nieminen et al. [29]. Also, cis-Vaccenic acid is reported to have anti-inflammatory effects [30]. Guanosine is an intercellular messenger in the central nervous system and it has neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects [31]. Dehydroabietic acid is a naturally occurring diterpene resin acid mainly found in conifers and has anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, cardiovascular activities along with anti-aging effects [32]. Also, n-Hexadecanoic acid is reported to have anti-oxidant, hypocholestrolemic and anti-bacterial activities [33]. Ravi and Krishnan [34] explored the anti-cancer cytotoxic potential of hexadecanoic acid. Thus, the results revealed presence of high medicinal potential of the bioactive compounds found in A. hispidissima leaf extract.