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Aquatic Plants Native to Europe
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Isa A. Lambrechts, Lydia Gibango, Antonios Chrysargyris, Nikolaos Tzortzakis, Namrita Lall
The alkaloids, tryptamine, bufotenidine, gramine, and arundamine, have previously been isolated from A. donax. Five indole-3-alkylamine bases, N-methyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine, bufotenine, bufotenidine, and dehydro-bufotenine, were previously isolated from the rhizomes (Figure 5.2). Other compounds previously isolated from this species include triacontanol, tricin, gramine, tetramethyl-N,N-bis-2,6 dimethylphenyl cyclobutane-1,3-diimine, arundine, deoxyvasicinone, N-phenylnaphthylamine, donaxine, donaxarine, and donaxaridine (Al-Snafi 2015, Khnzhaev and Aripova 1995).
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Lignocaine or lidocaine (Xylocaine) A compound called ‘gramine’ with local anesthetic properties was noted in the plant, Hordeum vulgare, by Hans von Euler in 1932. The same substance, under the name iso-gramine, was synthesized in 1935 by Holger Erdtman, an assistant to von Euler. Lofgren, in 1943, produced xylocaine, a more potent and specific local anesthetic in 1946.
Managing Mania and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Published in Ethan Russo, Handbook of Psychotropic Herbs, 2015
Oats are considered to be a powerful amphoteric (balancing and normalizing agent) to the nervous system, being both a stimulant tonic and a sedative, as required. In this case, we wanted to calm the mind and ease the anxiety without causing drowsiness—a situation well suited to the use of Avena. Avena is a nerve tonic, restorative, antidepressant, and tranquilizer, as well as being a rich source of minerals with a nutritive specificity for the brain. The presence of an indole alkaloid called gramine is not unlike the sedative and hypnotic harmine group found in passion flower. It is recommended especially for nervous depression and overanxiety. For maximum potency, I used a fresh plant extract of the unripe seed (in the milk stage) at a 1:1 strength.
Safety evaluation of an oat grain alkaloid gramine by genotoxicity assays
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Manash Pratim Pathak, Rudragoud S. Policegoudra, Danswrang Goyary, Aparoop Das, Santa Mandal, Srijita Chakraborti, Nilutpal Sharma Bora, Johirul Islam, Pompy Patowary, P. Srinivas Raju, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
Gramine showed promising result as an anti-mutagenic agent. Gramine when co-incubated with sodium azide without S9 mixture significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the revertant colonies in TA1535 strains in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of mutagenicity was found to be 87.81%, 88.89%, 89.64%, and 91.04% for TA1535 at concentrations 12 500–10 000 μg gramine/plate as shown in Table 2. There is also very significant (p < 0.01) inhibition of mutagenicity by gramine when co-incubated with 2-nitrofluorene without S9 mixture. Percentage inhibition by gramine was calculated as 68.48%, 41.81%, 74.54%, and 81.81% at concentration 1250–10 000 μg gramine plate (Table 2). Interestingly, percentage inhibition of gramine when co-incubated with 2-AF in the presence of S9 mixture is higher in compared to co-incubation of gramine with SA and 2-NF without S9 mixture. Gramine at the concentration of 10 000 μg/plate when co-incubated with S9 mixture for TA1535 showed the highest percentage inhibition of 96.4%, whereas 41.81% is the lowest percentage inhibition shown by gramine at the concentration of 1250 μg/plate without metabolic activation.