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Psychophysical Measurement of Human Oral Experience
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Derek J. Snyder, Linda M. Bartoshuk
Laboratory and clinical data support the use of topical anesthesia in the mouth to determine the locus of oral sensory dysfunction. However, interpretations of topical anesthesia must be made with care, as incomplete anesthesia will hinder differential diagnosis. In a typical protocol, patients hold ~5 mL of 0.5% dyclone in the mouth for 60 seconds, rest for 60 seconds, rinse with water, and describe any oral sensations experienced for the duration of the sensory block (Bartoshuk, Kveton, Yanagisawa, and Catalanotto 1994). Anesthesia should always be accompanied by a thorough medical history, physical examination, and thorough evaluation of spatial and whole-mouth oral sensation.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Dyclonine is a member of the piperidines with local anesthetic effect. This agent is used to provide topical anesthesia of accessible mucous membranes prior to examination, endoscopy or instrumentation, or other procedures involving the esophagus, larynx, mouth, pharynx or throat, respiratory tract or trachea, urinary tract, or vagina. Dyclonine is also used to suppress the gag reflex and/or other laryngeal and esophageal reflexes to facilitate dental examination or procedures (including oral surgery), endoscopy, or intubation. Another indication is for relief of canker sores (aphthosis stomatis) or cold sores/fever blisters (herpes simplex infection). Preparations containing dyclonine may be available over-the-counter (1,2). In pharmaceutical products, dyclonine is employed as dyclonine hydrochloride (CAS number 536-43-6, EC number 208-633-6, molecular formula C18H28ClNO2) (1).
Intraoperative localization of gastrointestinal tumors by magnetic tracer technique during laparoscopic‐assisted surgery (with video)
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Guifang Lu, Jing Li, Xiaopeng Yan, Xuejun Sun, Yan Yin, Xinlan Lu, Feng Ma, Fei Ma, Jianbao Zheng, Wei Zhao, Yi Lv, Mudan Ren, Shuixiang He
After an 8 h fast and withholding water for 4 h, patients with gastric or duodenal tumors were asked to ingest dyclonine hydrochloride, a type of local anesthetic agent. Patients with colorectal tumors ingested 2–3 L of polyethylene glycol for bowel preparation. If intravenous anesthesia was selected, injection of propofol using an initial bolus of 1–2 mg/kg, followed by a continuous dose of 0.5–2.0 μg/mL, was used. The endoscope was fixed using the clip-magnet complex and delivered to the gastrointestinal tract, and the magnetic ring was clamped onto the adjacent tissues approximately distal or proximal to the tumor 1 cm away from the lesion and released to achieve accurate marking of the target lesion (Supplementary Video 1). Another titanium clip is sent in to secure the magnetic ring and prevent it from falling off. Whether the magnet is fixed to the distal or proximal 1 cm of the tumor depends on the location and angle of the lesion under the endoscope to minimize the possibility of complications.
New developments in pharmacotherapy for Friedreich ataxia
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Alexandra Clay, Patrick Hearle, Kim Schadt, David R. Lynch
Several agents provide proof of concept for use of Nrf2 activators in FRDA. Sulforaphane, an Nrf2 activator derived from broccoli, rescues glutathione production in FXN-silenced cultured mouse motor neurons. In FRDA fibroblasts, sulforaphane increases FXN expression twofold, Nrf2 activity by 1.5 fold, and activation of Nrf2-downstream genes NQO-1 and HO-1 by 90% and 68%, respectively, [136]. Dyclonine, an NRF2 activator in mouthwash, ameliorates epigenetic repression of FXN in FRDA lymphoblasts. In addition, dyclonine increases transcription of Nrf2 target genes such as HO1, and NQO1 in FRDA-related YG8 mice and reverses the progressive decline in balance in FRDA KIKO and YG8 mice [143]. While attractive, dyclonine does not readily translate to a systemic formulation in humans.