China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
The oral route is the one of the most preferred, accessible, and prevalent routes of drug administration for the attainment of significant therapeutic level of drugs. However, some major limitations are associated with oral drug administration, such as the requirement of higher drug dose for effective pharmacological effect due to respective obstacles such as stringent gastrointestinal milieu, biological membrane barrier action, chemical instability of drugs, and hepatic first-pass metabolism, thus patient compliance is also compromised. In this regard, to overcome all above discussed problems along with achievement of efficient therapeutic response with minimal patient related side effects, a number of novel drug-delivery system-based techniques and methods has been employed for the delivery of antiviral drugs. For example, a lipid-based nano-emulsion system (emulsifier coated nanosized lipid droplets) has been formulated with acyclovir to improve its solubility and oral bioavailability (Sapra et al. 2013). Similar types of delivery system-based formulations for oral antiviral drug administration are discussed in Table 18.1 (Patel and Sawant 2007; Sankar et al. 2012; Sapra et al. 2013; Kumar et al. 2015; Venkatesh et al. 2015; Kumar et al. 2016; Öztürk and Yurtdaş Kirimlioğlu 2019).
Pharmaceutical Approaches
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
The main advantages of intravenous sedation over other methods of drug administration include short time effect (the full effect is seen within minutes), accuracy (the speed in which the clinical effect is seen enables an accurate titration of drug concentration in the patient’s bloodstream), and fast recovery rate.25
Development of Ethosome Formulation for Topical Therapeutic Applications
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Mansoureh Nazari Vishkaei, Mohamed B. Khadeer Ahamed, Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid
The biggest advantage of the topical delivery system is to bypass initial pass metabolism. Rejection of the risks and inconveniences of intravenous therapy and of the varied conditions of absorption, like pH changes, the presence of enzymes, and gastric emptying time are another advantage of the system. The study is additionally administered for the avoidance of the risks and inconvenience of intravenous therapy and of the numerous conditions of absorption, like pH changes, the presence of enzymes, and gastric emptying time. Topical drug administration is the simplest and best route of localized drug delivery anyplace within the body by routes as ophthalmic, rectal, channel, and skin that can be provided in case of cosmetic and therapeutic applications to healthy or unhealthy types of skin (Lui et al., 2004). The formulations are available in several forms like liquid form or semisolid and solid forms. Drugs are applied topically at a specific location or in order to have systemic influences. Uptake of drugs is increased via skin if the drug constituent is in liquid form, if it has proper lipid/water solubility, and if it is not an electrolyte.
Promising strategies for improving oral bioavailability of poor water-soluble drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Bruna Rocha, Letícia Aparecida de Morais, Mateus Costa Viana, Guilherme Carneiro
Despite being widely used to produce systemic effects through intestinal absorption, oral drug administration usually provides poor drug bioavailability, which is low due to the multiple physiological barriers (Figure 1) [7]. The main biochemical obstacles are associated with pH variations and enzymes. The acidic environment of the stomach (pH 1–3) is one of the driving factors for drug degradation, together with the presence of the digestive enzymes (e.g. pepsin and lipases) in the stomach, and trypsin, chymotrypsins, carboxypeptidases, and elastases in the small intestine from the pancreas or the brush border. This extensive drug degradation is critical for decreasing oral bioavailability. In addition, pH variations along the GIT can yield drug precipitation, especially in ionizable PWSDs and according to the dependence of solubility on the ionization constants and pKas [8]. The pre-systemic metabolism is also an important event mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver, intestinal mucosa, and intestinal flora microorganisms, causing the first-pass effect and reducing bioavailability [9].
Effects of intestinal flora on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2023
Amina Džidić-Krivić, Jasna Kusturica, Emina Karahmet Sher, Nejra Selak, Nejra Osmančević, Esma Karahmet Farhat, Farooq Sher
The four fundamental processes of pharmacokinetics that are under the possible influence of microbiota are absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). These are separate yet, in many aspects, interrelated processes that occur between the administration and elimination of drugs from the body (Ioannidis 2019). One of the most common ways of drug administration is oral administration. It is usually preferred by patients because it is more convenient, comfortable and easy to comply with medication counseling. Ideally, after oral administration, the drug would be completely and quickly absorbed from the gut and it would affect only therapeuticly targeted cells. However, in the real world this scenario is not commonly noted. After oral ingestion, drugs start their journey through the digestive tract and are initially faced with trillions of bacteria that actively produce and secrete important metabolic enzymes such as oxidase, reductase and transferase. These enzymes have the ability to alter the pharmaceutical compounds of drugs, resulting in a change of their pharmacokinetic properties and half-life. Therefore, the intestinal microbiota can transform these drugs, even before the first-pass effect through the liver (Lee et al. 2019). However, there are still many unknowns effects of the gut microbiota on orally administered drugs (Xie et al. 2020).
Beta-blocker treatment in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Maria Heliste, Ville Pettilä, David Berger, Stephan M. Jakob, Erika Wilkman
All included studies were prospective RCTs and published in English between years 1988 and 2020. According to our prespecified inclusion criteria patients were ≥18 years and all patients were treated in the ICU. We included only studies in which the administration of β-blocker had been started in the ICU. The number of patients in the individual studies ranged between 26 and 1000. The drug administration was often poorly reported. When reported, the duration of drug administration varied from hours to days. The administration commencement was often reported incompletely or inadequately. Reported follow-up period ranged from 30 min to 8 months, some trials failed to report it clearly. Route of drug administration was either intravenous or per oral or both. Characteristics of the included studies, interventions and reported outcomes are presented in Tables 1–3.