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Plant-Based Adjunct Therapy for Tuberculosis
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Lydia Gibango, Anna-Mari Reid, Jonathan L. Seaman, Namrita Lall
Drug–drug interactions occur when the effect of one drug is affected by the presence of a concomitant drug (Magro et al., 2012). These drug interactions may cause adverse drug reactions which, for the most part, are predictable and can be avoided. However, prevention is very complex in practice due to the high number of drugs that could potentially interact with one another (Létinier et al., 2019).
Drug Design, Synthesis, and Development
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Drug-drug interactions, where one drug affects the activity of another, can arise when certain medicines are taken together. A common scenario is when a person takes antibiotics while on other medication. Many antibiotics inhibit cytochrome p450 and this can have consequences for any other drugs being taken. As a result, new drugs are tested to examine whether cytochrome p450 is inhibited or activated because of these challenges.
Engaging Patients with Personal Health IT for Quality
Published in Jan Oldenburg, Dave Chase, Kate T. Christensen, Brad Tritle, Engage!, 2020
Many more studies document quality gaps in different areas. EHR data is consistently found to be missing or error-prone. A 2004 study by Kaboli et al found almost 95% of medication lists had some inaccuracies.11 Omissions (medicines taken by the patient but not listed in the EHR) were 25%; commissions (medicines not taken by the patient but listed in the EHR) were 12%. These results highlight the importance of medication reconciliation at each patient visit, as well as the limitations of clinical decision support in accurately processing drug-drug and other types of interactions that rely on accurate data. One third of patients had errors in their allergy and adverse drug reaction list—mostly omissions. Schnipper found gaps not only in medication information, but family history data as well.12 Putting medication lists and medication allergies online can help here too. Some practices are engaging patients in reconciling their medications.13 Patient-facing drug-drug interaction checkers can help, too.
Utilizing clinical pharmacology in the drug repurposing arena: a look into COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Rosanna Ruggiero, Nunzia Balzano, Raffaella Di Napoli, Maria Giuseppa Sullo, Francesco Rossi, Annalisa Capuano, Concetta Rafaniello
Adverse drug events, including also therapeutic failure, are sometimes explained through genetic polymorphisms. Indeed, pharmacogenetics represents another ‘arm’ of the clinical pharmacology. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacogenetic studies have been carried out for personalized therapy. Especially during the pandemic era, pharmacogenetic studies represent a useful tool since they can provide data to guide clinicians in dosage adjustment as well as in the identification of the optimal therapeutic regimen for each patient. In this emergent activity, the key role of the clinical pharmacologist has come up tangibly, especially in the process of translational data interpretation. Indeed, pharmacogenetic data could provide safer treatments and a better clinical course of the disease, which lead to shorter hospitalization and a better allocation of saved health economic resources. The pharmacogenetic is useful for drugs used for COVID-19 that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 and are substrates of drug transporters. Taking into consideration the repositioned drugs for COVID-19, it has been demonstrated that, for example, remdesivir is metabolized by CYP-3A4, −2C8, −2D6, and it is also the substrate of glycoprotein-P (P-gp) and OATPB1. As the same, dexamethasone is the substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp [26]. This evidence is particularly important for patients treated with several drugs to avoid or at least prevent drug-drug interactions. In light of this, the availability of pharmacogenetic data represents another example of clinical pharmacology activity aimed to guide patient-centered therapy.
Preliminary in vitro approach to evaluate the drug-drug interaction potential of EST73502, a dual µ-opioid receptor partial agonist and σ1 receptor antagonist
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Eva Ayet, Sandra Yeste, Raquel F. Reinoso, María José Pretel, Ariadna Balada, Maria Teresa Serafini
As concomitant medication is expected in the clinical phase, the preliminary assessment for drug-drug interactions was especially relevant. Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions are metabolism- and transporter-mediated interactions that occur when one drug alters the pharmacokinetics of another concomitantly administered drug. These interactions can lead to a lack of efficacy or to adverse events. Drugs can act as victims or perpetrators of the interaction depending on the relative characteristics of both concomitant drugs. When the test compound is being evaluated as the victim of the interaction, the assessment of enzymes and transporters involved in its disposition is required (Balimane et al. 2006, Testa et al. 2012). In addition, when the test compound is evaluated as the perpetrator of the interaction, its potential as inhibitor and inducer of metabolic enzymes and transporters should be studied (Yan and Caldwell 2001, Bjornsson et al2003, Walsky and Obach 2004, Guengerich 2006, Chu et al. 2009, Grimm et al2009, Hughes et al. 2011).
Pogostone inhibits the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1 in vitro
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Guiying Zhang, Yanping Zhang, Xianjie Ma, Xin Yang, Yuyan Cai, Wenli Yin
Drug-drug interaction between drugs or herbs is one of the primary factors that induces adverse effects, even failed treatment in the clinic. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) is a superfamily that contains heme-thiolate proteins and functions as monooxygenases, which are involved in the metabolism of various drugs (Wrighton and Stevens 1992). Numerous studies have suggested that CYP450s are key factors that mediate drug-drug interaction as the inhibition or induction of CYP450 activity could affect the metabolism of drugs. For example, the co-administration of glycyrrhizin and asiatic acid could reduce the plasma concentration of asiatic acid and shorten its half-life due to the induced effect of glycyrrhizin on the activity of CYP3A4, which is responsible for the metabolism of asiatic acid (Guo et al. 2018). Berberine could inhibit the pharmacokinetics of losartan, decrease the concentration of EXP3174 and the metabolite of losartan through inhibiting the activity of CYP3A4 or 2C9 (Li et al. 2016).