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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Mothballs are sold as small white balls containing 99.9% either of naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene (PDCB), both of which become a gas with pungent odor when exposed to air. Mothballs are used to repel moths in clothing and stored carpets and to keep pests out of the house (170). The majority of exposure to naphthalene in the environment occurs through inhalation, while other pathways such as dermal contact and ingestion are rare. Naphthalene is recently classified as a possible human carcinogen (171–172). Naphthalene exposure can cause hemolytic anemia due to destruction of red blood cells with apparition of jaundice and pallor. It is also neurotoxic. Small children may eat mothballs, thinking them candy (170). Para-dichlorobenzene (PDCB) is another ingredient of mothballs used as deodorizers and fumigants. PDCB toxicity can affect liver, kidneys, skin, lungs, and the central nervous system (CNS). Chronic toxicity of PDCB often results in leukoencephalopathy, ataxia, and heterogeneous neurological manifestations (173–175). Mothballs containing either PDCB or naphthalene, can cause cancer in animals, and are potential human carcinogens (170–172). So, be careful when using mothballs as moth or pest repellents. Due to the toxicity of naphthalene and para-dichlorobenzene, avoid the use of mothballs if you have a chronic disease, or infants and children in the house. Replace mothballs by cedar chips (170).
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Dichlorobenzenes are 1,2; 1,3; and 1,4 forms and 20:1 ratio of indoor to outdoor pollutant. Dichlorobenzene is used as an intermediate in deodorants, disinfectants, insecticides, fumigants, metal polishes, moth proofing, lacquers, and paint products. Lower concentrations will cause mucous membrane irritation, while higher levels produce nausea, anemia, jaundice, and headaches. Long-term exposure is associated with hepatic necrosis and cirrhosis. Ten percent of 500 chemically sensitive patients surveyed at the EHC-Dallas had this substance in their blood. It composed a significant part of their total body load (burden).
An updated patent review of autotaxin inhibitors (2017–present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Zehui Tan, Hongrui Lei, Ming Guo, Yuxiang Chen, Xin Zhai
Depending on binding modes to the ATX tripartite site, small molecular inhibitors can be classified into four distinct types (I, II, III, and Ⅳ) (Figure 4) [45,46]. Type I inhibitors, such as PF-8380 developed by Pfizer, exhibit a competitive mechanism of inhibition through mimicking LPC substrate [47,48]. Structurally, they have an acidic head group, a core spacer, and a hydrophobic tail in general [49]. In the active site, benzoxazolidinone makes essential interactions with one of the Zn[2]+ ions; meanwhile, dichlorobenzene is accommodated within the hydrophobic pocket[45]. The piperazine-1-carboxylate is partially sandwiched between Tyr307 and Phe275, and the carbonyl group of the carbamate forms a weak hydrogen bond with the backbone nitrogen of Trp276 (PDB ID: 5L0K)[48].
Investigation of novel alkyl/benzyl (4-sulphamoylphenyl)carbamimidothioates as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Morteza Abdoli, Alessandro Bonardi, Claudiu T. Supuran, Raivis Žalubovskis
To a solution of 4-thioureidobenzenesulphonamide (6) (300 mg, 1.3 mmol) in DMF (4 ml) 4-(bromomethyl)-1,2-dichlorobenzene (189 ml, 1.3 mmol) was added at room temperature and the mixture was stirred at 30 °C for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature water (30 ml) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 20 ml). Combined organic layer was washed with aq. sat. NaHCO3 (2 × 20 ml) and aq. sat. NH4Cl (20 ml), and dried over Na2SO4 and solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM:MeOH, 95:5) to afford 8o (391 mg, 77%) as a white powder.
In vitro toxicity assessment of emitted materials collected during the manufacture of water pipe plastic linings
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Lisa Kobos, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Teimouri Sendesi, Andrew J. Whelton, Brandon E. Boor, John A. Howarter, Jonathan Shannahan
This study evaluated toxicity associated with CIPP worksite condensate samples collected at three CIPP installation sites in California. All installations used a styrene-based resin to fabricate the CIPP where styrene (32% wt) and talc (20%–30% wt) were the only disclosed resin ingredients (AOC 2008; Teimouri Sendesi et al. 2017). Another safety data sheet reported 0.5% Trigonox® KSM and 1% di-(4-tert-butylcyclohexyl) peroxy dicarbonate initiators were applied (AOC 2007; Teimouri Sendesi et al. 2017). Detailed procedures and methods related to the collection and characterization of CIPP worksite condensates, including identities and quantities of chemicals as well as chemical characterization of the raw resin, are described in Teimouri Sendesi et al. (2017). Briefly, at each worksite, stainless steel air manifolds were placed at exhaust emission points for the capture and condensation of materials emitted from the process into air. Materials were removed from the air stream by ambient cooling and passage of the air through cold condensers prior to being collected in Pyrex® bottles. Condensates were then stored at 4 °C until being characterized and evaluated in cellular response studies. Chemicals in condensates were identified and quantified via a GC/MS method, utilizing 1,4-dichlorobenzene-d4 as the internal standard. In summary, styrene was determined to be the chemical in greatest abundance for all condensates using the approach applied. Additional chemicals identified within the condensates included butylated hydroxytoluene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, phenol, 1-tetradecanol, and others. These chemicals were at different concentrations across condensates. The uncured resin tube and new CIPPs were chemically extracted and residual chemicals that remained in those solid materials were identified.