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Later-Life Depression in Ten European Countries: A Study Using the Multilevel Approach
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Pieter Van den Eeden, Arjan W. Braam
It is concluded that a nation’s religious culture represents a condition for the different effects between the various countries regarding gender and age as personal circumstances that are favorable to depression. This means that both the gender-depression hypothesis and the age-depression hypothesis can be considerably refined by extending them with religious climate as a national cultural factor. Gender and age differently depend on religious climate variables. This means that the mechanisms that operate with respect to gender and age and help to explain their relationships of depression are also different. Moreover, the outcome shows that religious climate as a whole is neither an enforcing nor a mitigating factor. How exactly the depressogenic mechanisms of physical and social difficulties work, which underlay the effects of gender and age on depression, depends on religious factors in particular and on cultural factors in general.
Understanding the association between childhood maltreatment and depression from a biological perspective
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Although the risk of major depression is increased for maltreated individuals, not everyone exposed to abuse and neglect as a child develops this illness or even other disorders (Danese & Lewis, 2016). The variation in response to childhood maltreatment can be explained within the stress-diathesis model, which posits that individuals may respond adversely (e.g., develop clinical depression) in the presence of an environmental stressor due to a ‘vulnerability’ in their makeup (Monroe & Simons, 1991; Zuckerman, 1999). This vulnerability encompasses an array of characteristics including temperament, physiology and genetic makeup (Belsky & Pluess, 2009). Genetic sensitivity to the environment or gene–environment interactions [GxE] has been explored in a large body of literature surrounding the depressogenic effects of childhood maltreatment (Karg, Burmeister, Shedden, & Sen, 2011). The seminal paper by Caspi and colleagues showed that the low-expressing short allele of the serotonin-transporter-linked promoter polymorphic region [5-HTTLPR] increased both depressive symptoms and rates of diagnosed depression after exposure to childhood maltreatment and stressful life events (Caspi et al., 2003).
Aetiology of late-life affective disorders
Published in Stephen Curran, John P Wattis, Practical Management of Affective Disorders in Older People, 2018
There is a received wisdom that certain medications may be depressogenic. The evidence for this is variable in quality, often based on case report literature, and includes relatively little information from well-controlled studies.283
Longitudinal Examination of an Ethnic Paradox of Stress and Mental Health in Older Black and Latinx Adults
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2023
Thalida E. Arpawong, Kari-Lyn K. Sakuma, Lilia Espinoza, Jimi Huh
SLEs selected for this study were chosen because of the prior research on their depressogenic effects (Arpawong et al., 2021; Kendler, Karkowski, & Prescott, 1999; S. Monroe, Slavich, Georgiades, Gotlib, & Hammen, 2009) and that they were repeatedly assessed in the HRS such that we could characterize their occurrence within each two-year assessment period. At each wave, participants were asked if they had experienced a list of seven events. These included four interpersonal SLEs: the respondent’s divorce or separation, spouse death, parent death, and nursing home stay. Three financial SLEs included income and asset shock, defined as a 30% or more reduction in total household income or in household wealth, and one unemployment SLE, defined as being unemployed or looking for work for longer than 3 months. Detailed descriptions of financial questions, verification of income and assets, and calculations are provided elsewhere (RAND, 2014). The sum total of SLEs (range 0–7) was disaggregated further to account for differences: (1) within-person (SLE-WP), a time-varying summed count representing stressors in the prior two years and centered at the individual mean; and (2) between-person (SLE-BP), the person-specific mean centered at grand mean to evaluate person-level effects of SLEs.
Family Environment and Coping Strategies as Mediators of School Bullying Involvement
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2022
Latefa Ali Dardas, Ghada Shahrour, Amjad Al-Khayat, Nadia Sweis, Wei Pan
Family dynamics play a central role in shaping an individual’s personality and behaviors (Menardo et al., 2017; Nakao et al., 2000). Mounting evidence has shown that family dynamics are implicated in the development of depressive symptoms and disorders in adolescents (Daches et al., 2018; Sander & McCarty, 2005; Wang, Tian et al., 2020). Low parental support (Chang et al., 2018), family conflict (Cummings et al., 2015), lack of cohesion in families (Lin & Yi, 2019) and low warmth and affection (Santesteban-Echarri et al., 2017) are all factors associated with the development of depression in offspring. The stress-buffering model (Cohen & Wills, 1985) hypothesizes that the perceived availability of adequate social support mitigates the adverse effects of stressful situations on mental health. Thus, a supportive family environment may buffer the depressogenic effect of stressful situations on the adolescent. Indeed, it has been suggested that the effect of stress caused by daily hassles on adolescents’ internalizing outcomes was mediated by family dynamics. Such familial factors may act as an activator of the resulting psychological sequelae of frequent, minor stressors (Sheidow et al., 2014). The opposite also seems to hold true, as strong family functioning was found to attenuate the relationship between chronic stressors and their resultant mental health outcomes (Kliewer & Kung, 1998).
External Correlates of the MMPI-2-Restructured Form across a National Sample of Veterans
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Paul B. Ingram, Anthony M. Tarescavage, Yossef S. Ben-Porath, Mary E. Oehlert, Becca K. Bergquist
Depressogenic symptoms demonstrated similarly moderate to strong relationships on the BDI-2 (particularly on RCd, RC2, RC7). This finding is consistent with research documenting the centrality of RCd and RC2 elevations in those with diagnosed depressive disorders (Lee, Graham, & Arbisi, 2018; McCord & Drerup, 2011; Sellbom, Bagby, et al., 2012), as well as with RC7 in student populations endorsing depression symptoms (McCord & Provost, 2019). For anxiety symptoms, the BAI had frequent significant relationships to a variety of MMPI-2-RF scales. These relationships were generally consistent with the magnitudes observed on the GAD-7. In general, anxiety symptom endorsement demonstrated moderate associations with most of the internalizing scales and, particularly, with RCd, RC2, RC7, STW, and AXY being amongst the highest observed relationships.