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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Fosamprenavir is a prodrug of amprenavir and protease inhibitor used to treat HIV. It is an FDA pregnancy category C drug, and not recommended for use during pregnancy. The Antiviral Registry reports 109 infants born to women who use the drug during the first trimester of pregnancy, and the frequency of birth defects was not increased (Antiretroviral Registry, 2018).
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Cytidine-5´-Triphosphate is a nucleotide containing the heterocyclic base Cytosine. CTP is used as a co-substrate and activator/carrier molecule during the biosynthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids (92).
Third Stage Of Labor
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Alyssa R. Hersh, Jorge E. Tolosa
Misoprostol is a synthetic analog of prostaglandin E1 and is metabolized in the liver. The tablet can be given by the oral or sublingual route at 400–600 μg, or by the vaginal or rectal route at 400–1000 μg. It does not require sterile needles and syringes for administration. It is inexpensive, heat and light stable, and has a long shelf-life, making it more accessible and beneficial in low-resource settings. Side effects include shivering, elevated body temperature >38°C, and gastrointestinal (GI) upset with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Studies suggest that these side effects are dose dependent, particularly with doses exceeding 600 μg [16].
Gastroprotective effects of water extract of domesticated Amauroderma rugosum against several gastric ulcer models in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yanzhen Mai, Siyuan Xu, Ru Shen, Bairu Feng, Hong He, Yifei Xu
Dried domesticated A. rugosum was purchased from Longmen Maling Ganoderma lucidum planting base (Huizhou, China) and identified by morphological, microscopic and gene sequencing (the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Sequence analysis showed that the similarity between the sample (GenBank accession number: MK660145) and A. rugosum (GenBank accession number: MG021113.1) was 99%. The authenticated voucher specimen (voucher 20-07-02) was kept in Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic. Dried domesticated A. rugosum mycelia powder as above was extracted for 1 h in hot water (98 °C) in proportion (1:17, w/v) by heating reflux, thrice. The extracting solution was mixed, filtered, concentrated and lyophilized to obtain WEA. The powder of WEA was dissolved in appropriate distilled water to prepare the extract solution (1 mL equivalent to 1 g of A. rugosum mycelia powder) for test. The polysaccharide content was determined according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (version 2020) based on the method of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis: Fr.) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae) polysaccharide quantification. The nucleosides were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total polysaccharides of WEA were analysed by anthrone-sulphuric acid colorimetry at 625 nm. The contents of four nucleosides, namely, including cytidine, uridine, guanosine and adenosine, were determined by HPLC.
Pneumocystis jirovecii: a review with a focus on prevention and treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
R. Benson Weyant, Dima Kabbani, Karen Doucette, Cecilia Lau, Carlos Cervera
Primaquine’s main adverse effects are similar to dapsone’s. It can cause hemolysis and methemoglobinemia, both more frequently in G6PD deficiency [74]. Abdominal discomfort, another side-effect, is dose dependent and mostly absent when the medication is taken with food. Clindamycin also has several adverse effects associated with it. Most commonly rash, hepatotoxicity, diarrhea (can be independent of C. difficile associated diarrhea), nausea, vomiting and a metallic taste [75]. Any antibiotic can predispose to C. difficile infection (CDI) but traditionally clindamycin has been thought to have some of the highest risk. Centers that restricted the use of clindamycin subsequently decreased the rate of CDI, but the exact relative risk compared to other antibiotics is an area of ongoing debate [76].
Drug utilization review of tramadol hydrochloride in a regional hospital in South Africa; findings and implications
Published in Hospital Practice, 2020
Akhona Fynn, Elvera Helberg, Brian Godman, Johanna C Meyer
Furthermore, each individual analgesic prescribed for the management of pain was evaluated for compliance with the STGs/EML. A brief summary of the recommendations as stipulated in the guidelines is available as Supplement C. Compliance was considered by determining whether the diagnosis and the dosage were compliant with the guidelines. The dosage interval was not evaluated in our study as pain medication is often recommended to be taken when necessary, especially in patients with acute mild pain. The frequency of medication also depends on the pain intensity, although for chronic pain and cancer pain maintaining the frequency as recommended by the guidelines is important. The duration of treatment was not specified in the guidelines; consequently, this was also not taken into account when determining compliance to the STGs/EML (Table 3).