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Paper 2
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
The case describes amyloid arthropathy caused by amyloid deposition in the joints. This can be primary, or secondary to dialysis-dependent renal failure or multiple myeloma. It often presents as a large joint, bilateral, symmetrical arthropathy. Shoulder pain and carpal tunnel syndrome are common. Radiographic findings include preservation of joint space with subchondral cyst formation and well circumscribed erosions. MRI can reveal low T1 and T2 intra-articular nodules and bone lesions which enhance following contrast. Amyloid protein stains with Congo red.
Chronic Laryngitis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Amyloidosis can affect the larynx as part of a primary or secondary process of systemic amyloidosis. The deposits of amyloid, proteinaceous aggregates, have a high fluid content and can occur as a diffuse submucosal process or as small subepithelial masses. The patients present with dysphonia because of the presence of the deposits in the various subsites of the larynx and their effect on the vocal cord mobility. Ultimately there may also be an effect on the airway. The mainstay of treatment is microlaryngeal surgery to remove the deposits with minimizing the laryngeal damage and this can be by either cold techniques or by CO2 laser. The use of CO2 laser tends to be effective because of its ability to vaporize the high fluid content within the deposits. Diagnosis is confirmed histologically because of the affinity of the amyloid for Congo Red.
Urinary system
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
= disorder of protein metabolism Protein depositsAmyloid stains red with Congo red dye
Diagnosis for Chinese patients with light chain amyloidosis: a scoping review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Meilan Chen, Junru Liu, Xiaohong Wang, Xian Cao, Xin Gao, Lingjie Xu, Wang Liu, Jingnan Pi, Bin Wang, Juan Li
Congo red staining is the gold standard method for amyloid diagnosis and has been used for decades [73]. However, using Congo red also has several disadvantages. For instance, false-positive or false-negative results can occur due to inexperienced examiners [74]. In addition, the usual site of choice for biopsy is the involved organ. However, there are sometimes alternative sites chosen for biopsy due to the organ or technical limitations. In this study, we observed that the most biopsied sites in Chinese hospitals were for kidney, bone marrow, and skin/fat in that order, with varying favorable rates. In addition, we found that cardiac biopsy reports were rare, which may be due to the low acceptance of biopsy itself and the small number of healthcare providers with the relevant skills. Besides, we found that only 31.2% related patients were performed bone marrow biopsy. The reason may be due to the low percentage of bone marrow involvement and the percentage of myeloma plasma cells. Therefore, bone marrow biopsy may not be a good method for AL amyloidosis detection [75]. Hence, besides Congo Red staining, IF, IHC, electron microscope, mass spectrometry, and potassium permanganate staining are also recommended to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pathological examinations [29,36,76].
Correlations between pore textures of activated carbons and Langmuir constants – case studies on methylene blue and congo red adsorption
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Fadina Amran, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Congo red (CR) was discovered as a first direct dye by Paul Bottinger in 1883 (Linke 2006). The chromophore groups of direct dyes are azo, stibene, oxazine and phthalocyanine. Congo red is an anionic diazo dye which consists of –NH2 and –SO3 functional groups. It exists as brownish-red crystalline solid, stable in air and has high solubility in water. At pH ranging from 2 to 12, the color changes from dark blue to red. Congo red is usually used as pH indicator, and in the diagnosis of amyloidosis and free hydrochloric acid test in gastric contents (Rehman et al.2012). Besides, it is a common dye in textile industry because it has high affinity toward cellulose fiber (Asses et al.2018). However, it is known to be metabolized into benzidine, a human carcinogen and mutagen. Thus, it has been forbidden in many countries (Chattopadhyay 2011). Table 1 summarizes the physicochemical properties of methylene blue and congo red.
Enhanced detection of ATTR amyloid using a nanofibril-based assay
Published in Amyloid, 2021
M. Mahafuzur Rahman, Benjamin Schmuck, Henrik Hansson, Torleif Härd, Gunilla T. Westermark, Mats Sandgren
Congo red staining to confirm the presence of amyloid is applied on a routine basis, but has obvious limitations, such as limited sensitivity [12]. Amyloid deposits are unevenly distributed and patients in an early stage of the disease have minuscule deposits; therefore, it is necessary to obtain biopsies of adequate size. Congo red staining has an increased risk of producing false negative results in these cases [13]. Fluorescent dye probes have been developed to improve the sensitivity of detection, enabling enhanced detection of amyloid aggregates as a complementary approach to Congo red dye [14–16]. One such probe, the heptamer formyl thiophene acetic acid (h-FTAA), indicated that this dye is more sensitive [17,18], although less specific [19], than Congo red. In addition to the development of new dyes, many laboratories are attempting to amplify tissue existing ATTR by exploiting the amyloid seeding approach. However, this strategy may not be feasible, because monomer addition in the case of TTR is energetically favourable and nuclei formation is not required for efficient aggregation [20].