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Maritime Routes through Sri Lanka: Medicinal Plants and Spices
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Cinnamon belongs to the family Lauraceae, representing about 250 species and subspecies. As mentioned previously, C. zeylanicum is a plant indigenous to Sri Lanka and is a bushy evergreen tree of moderate size (Jayaprakasha and Rao, 2011). The C. zeylanicum tree grows to around 10 m and the leaves are leathery, usually opposite and are lanceolate to ovate, 11–16 cm long, with sharp tips (Mollazadeh and Hosseinzadeh, 2016). The pallid yellow flowers, which are tubular with six lobes, grow in panicles that are as long as the plant’s leaves, while the fruit is tiny, 1–1.5 cm long, and black when ripe (Mollazadeh and Hosseinzadeh, 2016). Different parts of cinnamon such as the leaves, bark, root bark, and fruits have various amounts of bioactive compounds of interest, which are shown in Table 13.2. Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate, and cinnamic acid (Figure 13.2) are the main ingredients found in cinnamon, which increase in quantity when cinnamon ages (Singh et al., 2007). Cinnamaldehyde is responsible for its spicy taste and fragrance, while essential oils, such as trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, and eugenol are also found in cinnamon (Senanayake et al., 1978). Traditional medicinal uses of cinnamon include its usage as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent, and it is also recorded to alleviate bad breath (Sangal, 2011). There are several studies, which demonstrate therapeutic effects of cinnamon, and selected research work is highlighted in Table 13.3.
Safety Evaluation of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
The toxic and carcinogenic potentials exhibited by constituent chemicals in essential oils can largely be equated with the toxic potential of the congeneric group to which that chemical belongs. A comparison of the oral toxicity data (JECFA, 2004) for limonene, myrcene, pinene, and other members of the congeneric group of terpene hydrocarbons shows similar low levels of toxicity with the same high-dose target organ endpoint (kidney) in animal studies, of which the relevance to humans is unlikely. Likewise, dietary toxicity and carcinogenicity data (JECFA, 2001) for cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, and other members of the congeneric group of 3-phenyl-1-propanol derivatives show similar toxic and carcinogenic endpoints. The safety data for the congeneric chemical groups that are found in vast majority of essential oils have been reviewed (Adams et al., 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004; JECFA 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000a, b, 2001, 2003, 2004; Newberne et al., 1999; Smith et al., 2002a, b). Available data for different representative members in each of these congeneric groups support the conclusion that the toxic and carcinogenic potential of individual constituents adequately represent similar potentials for the corresponding congeneric group.
Selected Functional Foods That Combat the Effects of Hyperglycemia and Chronic Inflammation
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Cinnamaldehyde and camphor have been reported to be the major components of volatile oils from stem bark and root bark, respectively, whereas trans-cinnamyl acetate was found to be the major compound in fruits, flowers, and fruit stalks. These volatile oils were found to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. C. zeylanicum bark and fruits were found to contain proanthocyandins (Jayaprakasha, and Rao. 2011).
Nanophyto-gel against multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Ming Ming Wen, Ibrahim A. Abdelwahab, Rania G. Aly, Sally A. El-Zahaby
The Clevenger hydrodistillation method (Pharmac Engineers, Mumbai, India) was used to extract freshly prepared essential oil (EO) from cinnamon bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum imported from Oman. The dried bark 400 g was first grounded into powder and transferred to a round bottom flask which was connected to the condenser and then boiled with one liter of distilled water for one hour and a half. The yield EO was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored in a dark glass bottle at 4–8 °C to prevent oxidative degradation. The final concentration used was 2.5 mg/ml. The extracted oil was analyzed using GC/MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) (data not shown). The major volatile oil constituents included cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate, and eugenol.
Anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Cinnamon cassia bark extracts: an in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approach
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
K. Vijayakumar, B. Prasanna, R. L. Rengarajan, A. Rathinam, S. Velayuthaprabhu, A. Vijaya Anand
The various parts of the C. cassia consist of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, camphor, trans-cinnamyl acetate, caryophyllene, terpene, hydrocarbons, alpha-bergamotene, alpha-copane, terpenoids and caryophyllene oxide (Vangalapati et al.2012). Hence, the present research is aimed to find out the preliminary phytoconstituents, GC-MS analysis, in vitro, in vivo, and in silico activity with hypolipidemic potentials of C. cassia bark.